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Beyond years of schooling: genetic associations with educational progression
Years-based measures compress distinct educational credentials into a single numerical scale. The schematic contrasts a single-liability model of attainment (left) with transition-specific liability models at successive milestones (right). Each later transition is studied only among people who reached the preceding milestone, highlighting how prior selection shapes the comparison groups used to estimate genetic associations. Kvalvik et al. 2026
Image Credit: Eirik H. Kvalvik