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Oscillating Biofilms Modeled and Observed
An agent-based model of electrochemical signaling in a Bacillus subtilis biofilm predicts spatially patterned membrane potential oscillations (left side), which are validated in experiments with fluorescent membrane potential reporters in microfluidic-grown biofilms (right side). The line traces show out-of-phase signaling dynamics between the biofilm interior and exterior, found in both our model and in vitro observations. Mulder et al. 2025
Image Credit: Maya Peters Kostman