Fig 1.
Effects of grand-parental (F1) breeding age and larval diet on grand-offspring (F3) life span in patrilines and matrilines.
The violin plot outline illustrates kernel probability density (width represents proportion of data located there). Within violin plots are box plots with median and interquartile range to illustrate data distribution. Underlying data can be found in the Dryad Repository: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2rbnzs7hw.
Fig 2.
Interaction between effects of grand-parental and parental breeding ages on grand-offspring life span in patrilines and matrilines.
Black lines represent the lifespans of F3 descendants of F1 individuals paired at 15 days of age, and red lines represent the lifespans of F3 descendants of F1 individuals paired at 35 days of age. Bars represent SEM. Underlying data can be found in the Dryad Repository: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2rbnzs7hw. F1, grand-parental generation; F3, grand-offspring.
Table 1.
Tests of effects based on linear mixed models of F3 life span for patrilines and matrilines.
Significant effects are highlighted in bold. Negative effects of F1 and F2 age indicate that old grandparents and parents produced F3 individuals with reduced lifespans, negative effects of larval diet indicate that low-nutrient larval diet has a negative effect on F3 life span, and negative effects of sex indicate that the life span of male descendants was lower than that of females. Effect sizes represent marginal R2. Conditional whole-model R2 values were 47.72% for the patriline model and 54.78% for the matriline model.
Fig 3.
Effects of grand-parental larval diet and breeding age on estimated age-specific survival and mortality rates for grand-offspring of patrilines and matrilines as fitted by the simple Gompertz mortality model.
b0 is the baseline mortality rate (scale) parameter, and b1 is the rate of actuarial ageing (shape) parameter. Posterior distributions are shown for b0 and b1 in the left panels. Panels on the right illustrate how these estimates translate to survival and mortality rates over time. The shaded areas in the survival plots represent 95% confidence intervals. Underlying data can be found in the Dryad Repository: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2rbnzs7hw. F1, grand-parental generation; F3, grand-offspring.
Fig 4.
Effects of F1 breeding age and F2 breeding age on estimated age-specific survival and mortality rates for grand-offspring of patrilines and matrilines as fitted by the simple Gompertz mortality model.
b0 is the baseline mortality rate (scale) parameter, and b1 is the rate of actuarial ageing (shape) parameter. Posterior distributions are shown for b0 and b1 in the left panels. Panels on the right illustrate how these estimates translate to survival and mortality rates over time. Shaded areas in the survival plots represent 95% confidence intervals. Underlying data can be found in the Dryad Repository: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2rbnzs7hw. F1, grand-parental generation; F2, female and male offspring; F3, grand-offspring.
Fig 5.
Experimental design: Patrilines (a) consist of descendants of F1 males, whereas matrilines (b) consist of descendants of F1 females. F1 individuals were reared on either a high- or low-nutrient larval diet. Adult F1 males were also maintained in high- or low-competition social environments (S4 Table). F1 males and females were then mated at 15 days or 35 days of age, and all offspring (F2) were reared on a standard larval diet. From each F1 breeding bout, 1 male and 1 female of the F2 generation were paired with a standard mate at 15-day intervals up to 60 days of age. Grand-offspring (F3) were all reared on standard larval diet and housed individually until death. Sample sizes (number of F1 or F2 focal individuals that produced offspring and number of F3 individuals for which longevity was quantified) are shown for each combination of treatment and sex. F1, grand-parental generation; F2, female and male offspring; F3, grand-offspring.