Population heterogeneity in clinical cohorts affects the predictive accuracy of brain imaging

• Oualid Benkarim ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft

  * E-mail: oualid.benkarim@mcgill.ca (OB); danilo.bzdok@mcgill.ca (DB)

  Affiliation McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (BIC), Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3922-7643

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• Casey Paquola,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (BIC), Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0190-4103

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• Bo-yong Park,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (BIC), Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Department of Data Science, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea, Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7096-337X

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• Valeria Kebets,

  Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (BIC), Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1707-7437

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• Seok-Jun Hong,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea, Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea

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• Reinder Vos de Wael,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (BIC), Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

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• Shaoshi Zhang,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore, Centre for Sleep and Cognition (CSC) & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research (TMR), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore, N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

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• B. T. Thomas Yeo,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore, Centre for Sleep and Cognition (CSC) & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research (TMR), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore, N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0119-3276

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• Michael Eickenberg,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Flatiron Institute, New York, New York, United States of America

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• Tian Ge,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

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• Jean-Baptiste Poline,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (BIC), Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9794-749X

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• Boris C. Bernhardt ,

  Roles Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors share senior authorship on this work.

  Affiliation McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (BIC), Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

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• Danilo Bzdok

  Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: oualid.benkarim@mcgill.ca (OB); danilo.bzdok@mcgill.ca (DB)

  ¶‡ These authors share senior authorship on this work.

  Affiliations McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (BIC), Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Mila—Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montreal, Canada

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3466-6620

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