Citation Metrics: A Primer on How (Not) to Normalize

• John P. A. Ioannidis ,

  * E-mail: jioannid@stanford.edu

  Affiliations Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Department of Statistics, Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford, California, United States of America

  ⨯
• Kevin Boyack,

  Affiliation SciTech Strategies, Inc., Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America

  ⨯
• Paul F. Wouters

  Affiliation Centre for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands

  ⨯