About the Authors

Paul D. N Hebert

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: phebert@uoguelph.ca

Affiliation Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Mark Y Stoeckle

Affiliation Program for the Human Environment, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America

Tyler S Zemlak

Affiliation Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Charles M Francis

Affiliation National Wildlife Research Centre, Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no conflicts of interest exist.

Author Contributions

PDNH conceived and designed the experiments. TSZ performed the experiments. PDNH, MYS, and TSZ analyzed the data. CMF contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools. PDNH, MYS, and CMF wrote the paper.