MR-pheWAS with stratification and interaction: Searching for the causal effects of smoking heaviness identified an effect on facial aging

• Louise A. C. Millard ,

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: louise.millard@bristol.ac.uk

  Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

  http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4787-8411

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• Marcus R. Munafò,

  Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

  http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4049-993X

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• Kate Tilling,

  Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

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• Robyn E. Wootton,

  Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

  http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3961-3202

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• George Davey Smith

  Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

  http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1407-8314

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