About the Authors

Anubha Mahajan

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Xueling Sim

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Hui Jin Ng

Affiliation Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Alisa Manning

Affiliation Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Manuel A. Rivas

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Heather M. Highland

Affiliation Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America

Adam E. Locke

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Niels Grarup

Affiliation The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Hae Kyung Im

Affiliation Department of Health Studies, Biostatistics Laboratory, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Pablo Cingolani

Affiliations School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Jason Flannick

Affiliations Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Pierre Fontanillas

Affiliation Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Christian Fuchsberger

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Kyle J. Gaulton

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Tanya M. Teslovich

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

N. William Rayner

Affiliations Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom

Neil R. Robertson

Affiliations Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Nicola L. Beer

Affiliation Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Jana K. Rundle

Affiliation Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Jette Bork-Jensen

Affiliation The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Claes Ladenvall

Affiliation Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden

Christine Blancher

Affiliation High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

David Buck

Affiliation High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Gemma Buck

Affiliation High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Noël P. Burtt

Affiliation Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Stacey Gabriel

Affiliation Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Anette P. Gjesing

Affiliation The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Christopher J. Groves

Affiliation Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Mette Hollensted

Affiliation The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Jeroen R. Huyghe

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Anne U. Jackson

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Goo Jun

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Johanne Marie Justesen

Affiliation The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Massimo Mangino

Affiliation Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

Jacquelyn Murphy

Affiliation Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Matt Neville

Affiliation Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Robert Onofrio

Affiliation Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Kerrin S. Small

Affiliation Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

Heather M. Stringham

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Ann-Christine Syvänen

Affiliation Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

Joseph Trakalo

Affiliation High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Goncalo Abecasis

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Graeme I. Bell

Affiliation Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

John Blangero

Affiliation Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America

Nancy J. Cox

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Ravindranath Duggirala

Affiliation Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America

Craig L. Hanis

Affiliation Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America

Mark Seielstad

Affiliations Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

James G. Wilson

Affiliation Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America

Cramer Christensen

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark

Ivan Brandslund

Affiliations Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

Rainer Rauramaa

Affiliation Foundation for Research in Health, Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland

Gabriela L. Surdulescu

Affiliation Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

Alex S. F. Doney

Affiliation Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom

Lars Lannfelt

Affiliation Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

Allan Linneberg

Affiliations Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark

Bo Isomaa

Affiliations Department of Social Services and Health Care, Jakobstad, Finland, Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland

Tiinamaija Tuomi

Affiliations Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

Marit E. Jørgensen

Affiliation Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark

Torben Jørgensen

Affiliations Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark, Faculty of Medicine, University of Aalborg, Aalborg, Denmark

Johanna Kuusisto

Affiliations Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

Matti Uusitupa

Affiliation Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

Veikko Salomaa

Affiliation National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

Timothy D. Spector

Affiliation Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

Andrew D. Morris

Affiliation Clinical Research Centre, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom

Colin N. A. Palmer

Affiliation Pat Macpherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom

Francis S. Collins

Affiliation Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Karen L. Mohlke

Affiliation Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Richard N. Bergman

Affiliation Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Erik Ingelsson

Affiliations Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

Lars Lind

Affiliation Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

Jaakko Tuomilehto

Affiliations Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Hospital Universario LaPaz (IdiPAZ), University Hospital LaPaz, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Center for Vascular Prevention, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria, Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

Torben Hansen

Affiliations The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

Richard M. Watanabe

Affiliations Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Inga Prokopenko

Affiliations Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Josee Dupuis

Affiliations National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Fredrik Karpe

Affiliations Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom

Leif Groop

Affiliation Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden

Markku Laakso

Affiliations Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

Oluf Pedersen

Affiliation The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Jose C. Florez

Affiliations Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Andrew P. Morris

Affiliations Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Estonian Genome Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

David Altshuler

Affiliations Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

James B. Meigs

Affiliation General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Michael Boehnke

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Mark I. McCarthy

Affiliations Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom

Cecilia M. Lindgren

celi@well.ox.ac.uk (CML); anna.gloyn@drl.ox.ac.uk (ALG)

Affiliations Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Anna L. Gloyn

celi@well.ox.ac.uk (CML); anna.gloyn@drl.ox.ac.uk (ALG)

Affiliations Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom

On Behalf of the T2D-GENES consortium and GoT2D consortium

Members of both consortia are listed in the Acknowledgments.

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: AMah XS HJN AMan MAR HMH AEL NG HKI GA GIB JB NJC RD CLH MS JGW RMW IP JD JCF APM DA JBM MB MIM CML ALG. Performed the experiments: AMah XS HJN AMan NG NWR NRR NLB JKR PC JF PF CF KJG TMT JBJ CL CB DB GB NPB SG APG CJG MH JRH AUJ GJ JMJ MM JM MN RO KSS HMS ACS JTr CC IB RR GLS ASFD LLa AL BI TT MEJ TJ JK MU VS TDS ADM CNAP FSC KLM RNB EI LLi JTu TH FK LG ML OP APM DA MB MIM CML ALG. Analyzed the data: AMah XS HJN AMan MAR HMH AEL NG HKI APM JBM MB MIM CML ALG. Wrote the paper: AMah XS HJN AEL APM JBM MB MIM CML ALG. Steering committee overseeing the consortia: GA GIB JB NJC RD CLH KLM MS JGW JCF DA MB MIM.