Fig 1.
Underlying causes, indirect drivers and direct drivers of biodiversity loss and nature’s decline.
This figure shows how the IPBES Transformative Change Assessment specifies and synthesizes the key underlying causes that underpin, cut across, shape, and reinforce the indirect and direct drivers of biodiversity loss and nature’s decline. The figure builds on figure SPM.2 of the Summary for Policymakers of the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, including its identification of indirect and direct drivers, with the latter represented in the bar chart showing the proportional contributions of each direct driver to biodiversity loss in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems. Further details on the analysis leading to the identification of these indirect and direct drivers and on the calculation of contributions to biodiversity loss across different ecosystems can be found in the IPBES Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services [1]. More information on the underlying causes and how they manifest across views, structures, and practices (including values and behaviors) is provided in the Transformative Change Assessment [3]. This figure corresponds to figure SPM.1 of the Summary for Policymakers of the IPBES Transformative Change Assessment [3], and is reproduced with permission.