Fig 1.
Potential implementation of multimodal neuromodulation.
Schematic depicting a possible future scenario for a patient that is suffering from a neurological or psychiatric disorder and is a candidate for brain stimulation therapy: (i) based on neuroimaging of the specific patient and of previous patients, artificial intelligence builds a digital avatar as a multi-scale replica of the patient’s brain, integrating bottom-up mechanistic modeling and top-down statistical modeling; (ii) the artificial intelligence then optimizes and personalizes a highly precise but noninvasive multimodal neuromodulation therapy on the patient’s avatar (best target, optimal parameters, etc.); (iii) only the optimal personalized stimulation is prescribed to the patient and provides maximal therapeutic benefit. In this example, the specific implementation of multimodal neuromodulation is transcranial magneto-acoustic stimulation (TMAS), which has already been conceptualized and tested in computational models and animal experiments, and awaits to be translated to humans [14].