Figure 1.
Key data inputs and output map from the systematic conservation planning framework.
(A) Protected areas mapped using polygons and buffered points for nationally designated protected areas [3]. (B) The number of native and extant globally threatened terrestrial and freshwater birds [8], mammals [10], and amphibians [10] per grid square. (C) The average annual agricultural opportunity cost of protecting each 30 km grid square in 2012 $US [17]. (D) The distribution of priorities for establishing new protected areas to meet the national-level 17% targets under Aichi target 11 at minimal cost and ignoring ecological representation (red), for covering threatened species (green), and locations selected under both scenarios (yellow). The sizes of the circles in the Venn diagrams are proportional to the area required in each of the three categories.
Figure 2.
The number of globally threatened vertebrates that reach our adequacy targets (black), and the agricultural opportunity cost of establishing new protected areas (red), as the proportion of global land areas protected increases above 17%.
Table 1.
Costs and benefits of the current protected area network and for future protection scenarios that (a) meet country-level targets for protected area coverage; (b) meet these targets while also achieving 17% protection of each terrestrial ecoregion; (c) meet the targets from scenario a and protect a scaled fraction of the geographic ranges of threatened terrestrial birds, mammals, and amphibians; and (d) achieve the country-level targets for protected area coverage while also achieving five times the level of biodiversity protection relative to scenario a.
Figure 3.
Efficiency frontier between the cost of establishing additional protected areas to achieve 17% coverage and the number of species covered.
The y-axis presents the proportion of each species adequacy target that is met within protected areas, summed across all species, and is not directly comparable to that of the other figures, which only count species whose protected area coverage meets or exceeds their target.