Figure 1.
The Mbaracayu Biosphere Reserve and its Location in Eastern Paraguay
The outer line delineates the border of the Reserve, and the roughly rectangular core protected area is outlined within it. Areas in white are nonforest areas (mostly agricultural) and were not considered. Areas in shades of gray to black are forested; darker shades represent areas with higher opportunity costs, which are net present values in US$ per hectare (adapted from [29]).
Table 1.
Game Species Considered in the Analysis of Bushmeat Economic Values in the Mbaracayu Forest Biosphere Reserve, Paraguay
Table 2.
Information Used to Calculate the Economic Value of Carbon Storage for the Various Forest Types in the Mbaracayu Forest Biosphere Reserve, Paraguay
Figure 2.
Economic Values (Net Present Values in US$ per Hectare) Associated with Forest Ecosystem Services across the Mbaracyau Forest Biosphere Reserve
(A) Sum of all 5 services. (B) Sustainable bushmeat harvest. (C) Sustainable timber harvest. (D) Bioprospecting. (E) Existence value. (F) Carbon storage.
Figure 3.
Location of Forested Areas in the Mbaracayu Biosphere Reserve where Economic Benefits Exceed Opportunity Costs (Shown in Black)
Each panel represents calculations considering a different set of benefits. (A) Sustainable bushmeat harvest; (B) bushmeat + sustainable timber harvest; (C) bushmeat + timber + bioprospecting; (D) bushmeat + timber + bioprospecting + existence value; (E) bushmeat + timber + bioprospecting + existence value + carbon storage.
Figure 4.
Differences between Economic Costs and Benefits of Conservation across the Mbaracyau Forest Biosphere Reserve
Green represents areas where economic benefits exceed costs (both as net present values in US$ per hectare), based on bushmeat + timber + bioprospecting values. Gray/black areas are where costs exceed benefits. Darker shading indicates greater deviation from zero in either direction. Three potential corridors connecting the core protected area and the large indigenous reserve to the west are outlined in blue.
Table 3.
Comparison of the Area, Costs, and Benefits of Three Hypothetical Corridors Connecting the Core Protected Area of the Mbaracayu Forest Biosphere Reserve with the Large Indigenous Reserve to the West
Table 4.
Sensitivity of Cost-Benefit Results to Changes in Key Parameters of Ecosystem Service Value Calculations