Table 1.
The Definition of Dispersal Syndromes Used in this Study, and Characteristics of Species within Each Dispersal Syndrome
Figure 1.
Examples of Mapped Tree Populations for Four Species in the 50-ha Pasoh Forest Plot
Upper left, Baccaurea racemosa (animal dispersed; n = 1,228, σ = 146.5 m); lower left, Neobalanocarpus heimii (gravity dispersed; n = 3,334, σ = 86.7 m); upper right, Shorea leprosula (gyration dispersed; n = 2,154, σ = 33.1 m); lower right Croton argyratus (ballistically dispersed; n = 1,248, σ = 27.9 m).
Figure 2.
The Relationship between Dispersal Syndrome and Spatial Aggregation for 561 Tree Species at Pasoh, Malaysia
The figure shows the mean ± 1 standard error of the spatial cluster size (σ) for tree species in each of seven dispersal syndromes.
Figure 3.
The Spatial Aggregation Statistic, K(d), Evaluated at a Range of Distances for Tree Species in Four Dispersal Syndromes
Within each dispersal syndrome, the graph shows the mean K(d) value ± 1 standard error. A species is aggregated at distance d if K(d) exceeds unity. Dotted lines indicate K(d) for a Poisson random spatial distribution. All species are strongly aggregated at small spatial scales and weakly aggregated at large scales. At spatial scales d ≤ 75 m, each of the dispersal types has a significantly different mean K(d) value (Wilcoxon p < 0.008). At larger spatial scales (d > 200m), spatial aggregation is not significantly correlated with dispersal syndrome. (The other three dispersal syndromes are omitted for clarity.)
Figure 4.
The Relationship Between Dispersal Syndrome and Spatial Aggregation among 425 Tropical Tree Species, Restricted to Mature Trees Only (Stem Diameter > 5 cm)
The figure shows the mean spatial cluster size σ for tree species in each of seven dispersal syndromes. Dispersal syndromes are significantly associated with spatial aggregation among mature trees (Kruskal-Wallis, df = 6, χ2 = 46.7, p < 10−6).