Tempo and mode of morphological evolution are decoupled from latitude in birds
Fig 3
Parameter estimates from 2-regime models reveal varying impacts of latitude.
Estimates of slopes from (a) DDexp models and (b) DDlin models are not consistently different in tropical regions in any trait. (c) MC models estimated a decreased effect of competition in the tropics on bill pPC2. (d) Estimates of evolutionary rates from BM models show accelerated rates of locomotion pPC3, but not other functional traits, in temperate regions. Asterisks indicate statistical significance (S7 and S14 Tables). For (a–c), each point represents the mean across clade-by-trait fits to stochastic maps of biogeography and of tropical/temperate membership (for all families with at least 50 species), and for (d), each point represents the mean across stochastic maps of tropical/temperate membership maximum (see S4 and S5 Datas). BM, Brownian motion; DD, diversity-dependent; DDexp, exponential diversity-dependent; DDlin, linear diversity-dependent; MC, matching competition; pPC, phylogenetic principal component.