Gene expression in response to optical defocus of opposite signs reveals bidirectional mechanism of visually guided eye growth
Fig 2
Hyperopic optical defocus induces large-scale changes in gene expression and signaling pathways in the retina.
RNA-seq analysis of differential gene expression in two groups of marmosets exposed to −5D-lens-imposed hyperopic defocus for 10 days or 5 weeks. (A and E) Volcano plots showing differentially expressed genes. (B and F) Hierarchical clustering results showing that differentially expressed genes are organized into two clusters, i.e., genes that are down-regulated and genes that are up-regulated in the retina exposed to defocus. Right, −5D-lens-treated eye. Left, plano-lens-treated control eye. Letters and numbers above each column of the hierarchical clustering results indicate animal IDs. (C and G) Gene ontology analysis results showing biological processes affected by the differentially expressed genes. Vertical yellow line indicates P = 0.05. (D and H) Canonical signaling pathways affected by the differentially expressed genes. Vertical yellow line indicates P = 0.05. Z-score shows activation or suppression of the corresponding pathways. See S1, S2, S5, S6, S9, S10, S13, and S14 Tables for details. AKT, Serine and Threonine kinase AKT; BRCA1, breast cancer 1 early onset; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; DARPP32, dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 32 kDa; HIPPO, protein kinase Hippo; nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; RAN, Ras-related nuclear protein; RNA-seq, massive parallel RNA sequencing; TNFR1, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1; tRNA, transfer RNA; Wnt, Wingless-integrated.