Lactate Regulates Metabolic and Pro-inflammatory Circuits in Control of T Cell Migration and Effector Functions
Fig 1
Lactate inhibits T cell motility.
(A) Lactate measurements in the synovial fluid of osteoarthritis (OA) or RA patients. (B–C) In vitro chemotaxis of activated CD4+ (B) and CD8+ (C) T cells towards CXCL10 (300 ng/ml) in the presence of lactic acid (10mM) or sodium lactate (10 mM) shown as kinetic (left panel) and 4 h time point (right panel). (D) In vitro chemotaxis of activated CD4+ T cells towards CXCL10 (300 ng/ml) in the presence of increasing concentration of sodium lactate shown as kinetic (left panel) and 4 h time point (right panel). (E) In vitro chemotaxis (4 h time point) of activated CD8+ T cells towards CXCL10 (300 ng/ml) in the presence of sodium lactate (10 mM) or HCl (pH 4.5) alone, or sodium lactate in combination with increasing concentrations of HCl to obtain progressively reduced pH as indicated in figure. (A) OA, n = 4 and RA n = 8. (B right panel) n = 4. (C–D right panel, E) n = 3. (B–D left panel) Data is representative of three independent experiments; the underlying numerical data and statistical analysis for each independent experiment can be found in the supporting file, S1 Data, Fig 1B–1D. (A–E) Underlying numerical data and statistical analysis can be found in the supporting file, S1 Data, Fig 1A–1E. Values denote mean ± standard deviation (SD). * p <0.05; ** p <0.01; *** p <0.001.