Immersive NREM2 dreaming preserves subjective sleep depth against declining sleep pressure

Adriana Michalak; Davide Marzoli; Francesco Pietrogiacomi; Damiana Bergamo; Valentina Elce; Bianca Pedreschi; Giorgia Mosca; Alessandro Navari; Michele Emdin; Emiliano Ricciardi; Giacomo Handjaras; Giulio Bernardi

doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3003683

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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Immersive NREM2 dreaming preserves subjective sleep depth against declining sleep pressure

Adriana Michalak ,

Contributed equally to this work with: Adriana Michalak, Davide Marzoli, Francesco Pietrogiacomi

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio-Emilia, Modena, Italy
⨯
Davide Marzoli ,

Contributed equally to this work with: Adriana Michalak, Davide Marzoli, Francesco Pietrogiacomi

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
⨯
Francesco Pietrogiacomi ,

Contributed equally to this work with: Adriana Michalak, Davide Marzoli, Francesco Pietrogiacomi

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
⨯
Damiana Bergamo,

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy, Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
⨯
Valentina Elce,

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
⨯
Bianca Pedreschi,

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
⨯
Giorgia Mosca,

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
⨯
Alessandro Navari,

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
⨯
Michele Emdin,

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy, Health Science Interdisciplinary Center, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
⨯
Emiliano Ricciardi,

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
⨯
Giacomo Handjaras,

Roles Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
⨯
Giulio Bernardi

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: giulio.bernardi@imtlucca.it

Affiliation MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4045-7075

⨯

Immersive NREM2 dreaming preserves subjective sleep depth against declining sleep pressure

Adriana Michalak,
Davide Marzoli,
Francesco Pietrogiacomi,
Damiana Bergamo,
Valentina Elce,
Bianca Pedreschi,
Giorgia Mosca,
Alessandro Navari,
Michele Emdin,
Emiliano Ricciardi

Published: March 24, 2026
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003683

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