The genetic basis of the kākāpō structural color polymorphism suggests balancing selection by an extinct apex predator

• Lara Urban ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: lara.h.urban@gmail.com

  Affiliations Helmholtz AI, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany, Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany, Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Freising, Germany, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5445-9314

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• Anna W. Santure,

  Roles Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

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• Lydia Uddstrom,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Kākāpō Recovery Programme, Department of Conservation, Invercargill, Murihiku, Aotearoa New Zealand

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• Andrew Digby,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Kākāpō Recovery Programme, Department of Conservation, Invercargill, Murihiku, Aotearoa New Zealand

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• Deidre Vercoe,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Kākāpō Recovery Programme, Department of Conservation, Invercargill, Murihiku, Aotearoa New Zealand

  ⨯
• Daryl Eason,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Kākāpō Recovery Programme, Department of Conservation, Invercargill, Murihiku, Aotearoa New Zealand

  ⨯
• Jodie Crane,

  Roles Investigation

  Affiliation Kākāpō Recovery Programme, Department of Conservation, Invercargill, Murihiku, Aotearoa New Zealand

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• Kākāpō Recovery Team ,

  ¶Membership of Kākāpō Recovery Team is provided in the Acknowledgments.

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• Matthew J. Wylie,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Ngāi Tahu, Ngāti Māmoe, Waitaha, New Zealand, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Nelson, New Zealand

  ⨯
• Tāne Davis,

  Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Kākāpō Recovery Programme, Department of Conservation, Invercargill, Murihiku, Aotearoa New Zealand, Ngāi Tahu, Ngāti Māmoe, Waitaha, New Zealand

  ⨯
• Marissa F. LeLec,

  Roles Investigation

  Affiliation Genomics Aotearoa and Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

  ⨯
• Joseph Guhlin,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Genomics Aotearoa and Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

  ⨯
• Simon Poulton,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Jon Slate,

  Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3356-5123

  ⨯
• Alana Alexander,

  Roles Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

  ⨯
• Patricia Fuentes-Cross,

  Roles Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

  ⨯
• Peter K. Dearden,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Genomics Aotearoa and Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7790-9675

  ⨯
• Neil J. Gemmell,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

  ⨯
• Farhan Azeem,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Dunedin, New Zealand

  ⨯
• Marvin Weyland,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Dunedin, New Zealand

  ⨯
• Harald G. L. Schwefel,

  Roles Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Dunedin, New Zealand

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• Cock van Oosterhout ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Cock van Oosterhout, Hernán E. Morales

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom

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•  [ ... ],
• Hernán E. Morales

  Contributed equally to this work with: Cock van Oosterhout, Hernán E. Morales

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Biology, Ecology Building, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2964-020X

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