The characteristics of early-stage research into human genes are substantially different from subsequent research

• Thomas Stoeger ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: thomas.stoeger@northwestern.edu (TS); amaral@northwestern.edu (LANA)

  Affiliations Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America, Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems (NICO), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America, Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5540-4278

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• Luís A. Nunes Amaral

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: thomas.stoeger@northwestern.edu (TS); amaral@northwestern.edu (LANA)

  Affiliations Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America, Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems (NICO), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America, Department of Molecular Bioscience, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3762-789X

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