Strategic testing approaches for targeted disease monitoring can be used to inform pandemic decision-making

• James D. Nichols ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: James D. Nichols, Tiffany L. Bogich

  * E-mail: jamesdnichols2@gmail.com (JDN); tlb927@psu.edu (TLB)

  Affiliation U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center at the Patuxent Research Refuge, Laurel, Maryland, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890

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• Tiffany L. Bogich ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: James D. Nichols, Tiffany L. Bogich

  * E-mail: jamesdnichols2@gmail.com (JDN); tlb927@psu.edu (TLB)

  Affiliations Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America, The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8143-5289

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• Emily Howerton,

  Affiliations Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America, The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0639-3728

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• Ottar N. Bjørnstad,

  Affiliations Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1158-3753

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• Rebecca K. Borchering,

  Affiliations Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America, The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4309-2913

  ⨯
• Matthew Ferrari,

  Affiliations Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America, The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5251-8168

  ⨯
• Murali Haran,

  Affiliation Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4440-8625

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• Christopher Jewell,

  Affiliation Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7902-2178

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• Kim M. Pepin,

  Affiliation National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9931-8312

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• William J. M. Probert,

  Affiliation Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3437-759X

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• Juliet R. C. Pulliam,

  Affiliation South African DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3314-8223

  ⨯
• Michael C. Runge,

  Affiliation U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center at the Patuxent Research Refuge, Laurel, Maryland, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8081-536X

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• Michael Tildesley,

  Affiliation Zeeman Institute: Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), Mathematics Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom

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• Cécile Viboud,

  Affiliation Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3243-4711

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• Katriona Shea

  Affiliations Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America, The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7607-8248

  ⨯