Meta-analysis of variation suggests that embracing variability improves both replicability and generalizability in preclinical research

• Takuji Usui ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: usuitakuji@gmail.com (TU); alistair.senior@sydney.edu.au (AMS); s.nakagawa@unsw.edu.au (SN)

  Current address: Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

  Affiliations Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, The Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

  ⨯
• Malcolm R. Macleod,

  Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9187-9839

  ⨯
• Sarah K. McCann,

  Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations QUEST Center for Transforming Biomedical Research, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4737-2349

  ⨯
• Alistair M. Senior ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Alistair M. Senior, Shinichi Nakagawa

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: usuitakuji@gmail.com (TU); alistair.senior@sydney.edu.au (AMS); s.nakagawa@unsw.edu.au (SN)

  Affiliation The Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9805-7280

  ⨯
• Shinichi Nakagawa

  Contributed equally to this work with: Alistair M. Senior, Shinichi Nakagawa

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: usuitakuji@gmail.com (TU); alistair.senior@sydney.edu.au (AMS); s.nakagawa@unsw.edu.au (SN)

  Affiliations Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, The Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7765-5182

  ⨯