Effective polyploidy causes phenotypic delay and influences bacterial evolvability

• Lei Sun ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors share first authorship on this work.

  Affiliation Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

  http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7222-3137

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• Helen K. Alexander ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Current address: Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  ¶‡ These authors share first authorship on this work.

  Affiliation Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

  ⨯
• Balazs Bogos,

  Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

  ⨯
• Daniel J. Kiviet,

  Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland

  ⨯
• Martin Ackermann,

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland

  ⨯
• Sebastian Bonhoeffer

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: seb@env.ethz.ch

  Affiliation Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

  ⨯