About the Authors

Hannah C. Kubinski

Contributed equally to this work with: Hannah C. Kubinski, Hannah W. Despres

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Graduate Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America

Hannah W. Despres

Contributed equally to this work with: Hannah C. Kubinski, Hannah W. Despres

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America

Bryan A. Johnson

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America, Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America, Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America

Madaline M. Schmidt

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America

Sara A. Jaffrani

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America

Allyson H. Turner

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America

Conor D. Fanuele

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America

Margaret G. Mills

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Kumari G. Lokugamage

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America

Caroline M. Dumas

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America

David J. Shirley

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faraday, Inc. Data Science Department, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America

Leah K. Estes

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America

Andrew Pekosz

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Jessica W. Crothers

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Larner, MD College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America

Pavitra Roychoudhury

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Alexander L. Greninger

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Washington, United States of America

Keith R. Jerome

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Washington, United States of America

Bruno Martorelli Di Genova

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America

David H. Walker

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America, Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America, Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America

Bryan A. Ballif

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America

Mark S. Ladinsky

Roles Investigation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America

Pamela J. Bjorkman

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America

Vineet D. Menachery

Roles Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America, World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America, Department of Pediatrics and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Emily A. Bruce

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Emily.bruce@med.uvm.edu

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: HCK, HWD, BAJ, VDM, and EAB have filed a patent on the use of mutations in the nucleocapsid linker as a means of increasing nucleocapsid protein levels. VDM has filed a patent on the reverse genetics system and reporter SARS-CoV-2. Other authors declare no competing interests.