About the Authors

Harriet V. Mears

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation RNA Virus Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom

George R. Young

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization

Current address: MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK

Affiliations RNA Virus Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics STP, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom

Theo Sanderson

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Visualization

Affiliation Malaria Biochemistry Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom

Ruth Harvey

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom

Jamie Barrett-Rodger

Roles Investigation

Affiliations RNA Virus Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom, Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom

Rebecca Penn

Roles Investigation

Affiliation RNA Virus Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom

Vanessa Cowton

Roles Investigation

Affiliation MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Wilhelm Furnon

Roles Investigation

Affiliation MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Giuditta De Lorenzo

Roles Investigation

Current address: Area Science Park, Trieste, Italy

Affiliation MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Margaret Crawford

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Genomics STP, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom

Daniel M. Snell

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Genomics STP, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom

Ashley S. Fowler

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Genomics STP, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom

Anob M. Chakrabarti

Roles Investigation, Methodology

Affiliations RNA Virus Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, UCL, London, United Kingdom

Saira Hussain

Roles Investigation

Current address: WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Australia

Affiliation RNA Virus Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom

Ciarán Gilbride

Roles Investigation

Affiliation RNA Virus Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom

Edward Emmott

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Katja Finsterbusch

Roles Investigation, Resources

Affiliation Immunoregulation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom

Jakub Luptak

Roles Resources

Affiliation MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Thomas P. Peacock

Roles Investigation

Current address: The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, UK

Affiliation Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Jérôme Nicod

Roles Supervision

Affiliation Genomics STP, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom

Arvind H. Patel

Roles Funding acquisition

Affiliations MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom, Genotype-to-Phenotype (G2P-UK) National Virology Consortium, London, United Kingdom

Massimo Palmarini

Roles Funding acquisition

Affiliations MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom, Genotype-to-Phenotype (G2P-UK) National Virology Consortium, London, United Kingdom

Emma Wall

Roles Project administration, Resources

Affiliations Crick/UCLH Legacy Study, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom, University College London and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom

Bryan Williams

Roles Funding acquisition, Supervision

Affiliation University College London and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom

Sonia Gandhi

Roles Funding acquisition, Resources, Supervision

Affiliation Neurodegeneration Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom

Charles Swanton

Roles Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, Supervision

Affiliation Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom

David L. V. Bauer

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

david.bauer@crick.ac.uk

Affiliations RNA Virus Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom, Genotype-to-Phenotype (G2P-UK) National Virology Consortium, London, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: While the authors declare no competing interests directly related to this work, CS receives grants from Bristol Myers Squibb, Ono Pharmaceuticals, Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche-Ventana, Pfizer, and Archer Dx; receives personal fees from Genentech, the Sarah Canon Research Institute, Medicxi, Bicycle Therapeutics, GRAIL, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Illumina, GlaxoSmithKline, MSD, and Roche-Ventana; holds stock options in Apogen Biotech, Epic Biosciences, GRAIL, and Achilles Therapeutics; is a member of a scientific advisory board for Bicycle Therapeutics, GRAIL, Relay Therapeutics, SAGA Diagnostics, and Achilles Therapeutics; is a co-founder of Achilles Therapeutics; receives consulting fees from Genentech, Medicxi, MetaboMed, Novartis, the China Innovation Centre of Roche, and the Sarah Cannon Research Institute; and receives honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Illumina, and Incyte. DLVB receives grants, paid to their institution, from AstraZeneca and GSK related to COVID-19, and is a member of the UK Genotype-to-Phenotype 2 Consortium. All other authors have declared that no competing interests exist.