About the Authors

Xin Yin

Contributed equally to this work with: Xin Yin, Yuan Pu

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China

Yuan Pu

Contributed equally to this work with: Xin Yin, Yuan Pu

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Shuofeng Yuan

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China,

Lars Pache

Roles Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation NCI Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Christopher Churas

Roles Formal analysis, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Stuart Weston

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Laura Riva

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Calibr-Skaggs at Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Lacy M. Simons

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

William J. Cisneros

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Thomas Clausen

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Grace Biddle

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Simon Doss-Gollin

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Meagan Deming

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Paul D. De Jesus

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Ha Na Kim

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Daniel Fuentes

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America

John M. Whitelock

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Jeffrey D. Esko

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Megan S. Lord

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Ignacio Mena

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Adolfo García-Sastre

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, The Tisch Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, The Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Judd F. Hultquist

Roles Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Matthew B. Frieman

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Trey Ideker

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Dexter Pratt

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Laura Martin-Sancho

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

laura.martin-sancho@imperial.ac.uk (LM-S); schanda@scripps.edu (SKC)

These authors are senior authors on this work.

Affiliation Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Sumit K. Chanda

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

laura.martin-sancho@imperial.ac.uk (LM-S); schanda@scripps.edu (SKC)

These authors are senior authors on this work.

Affiliations Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America, Calibr-Skaggs at Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: J.F.H. has received research support, paid to Northwestern University, from Gilead Sciences, and is a paid consultant for Merck. The A.G.-S. laboratory has received research support from GSK, Pfizer, Senhwa Biosciences, Kenall Manufacturing, Blade Therapeutics, Avimex, Johnson & Johnson, Dynavax, 7Hills Pharma, Pharmamar, ImmunityBio, Accurius, Nanocomposix, Hexamer, N-fold LLC, Model Medicines, Atea Pharma, Applied Biological Laboratories and Merck, outside of the reported work. A.G.-S. has consulting agreements for the following companies involving cash and/or stock: Castlevax, Amovir, Vivaldi Biosciences, Contrafect, 7Hills Pharma, Avimex, Pagoda, Accurius, Esperovax, Applied Biological Laboratories, Pharmamar, CureLab Oncology, CureLab Veterinary, Synairgen, Paratus, Pfizer and Prosetta, outside of the reported work. A.G.-S. has been an invited speaker in meeting events organized by Seqirus, Janssen, Abbott, Astrazeneca, and Novavax. A.G.-S. is inventor on patents and patent applications on the use of antivirals and vaccines for the treatment and prevention of virus infections and cancer, owned by the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, outside of the reported work. T.I. is cofounder of Data4Cure, is on the Scientific Advisory Board, and has an equity interest. T.I. is on the Scientific Advisory Board of Ideaya BioSciences and has an equity interest. The terms of these arrangements have been reviewed and approved by the University of California San Diego, in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. All other authors declare no competing interests.