About the Authors

Nicholas F. G. Chen

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ NFGC, CC, and LG share first authorship on this work. GRG and CBFV are co-senior authors on this work.

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Chrispin Chaguza

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ NFGC, CC, and LG share first authorship on this work. GRG and CBFV are co-senior authors on this work.

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Luc Gagne

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

‡ NFGC, CC, and LG share first authorship on this work. GRG and CBFV are co-senior authors on this work.

Affiliation Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, United States of America

Matthew Doucette

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, United States of America

Sandra Smole

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, United States of America

Erika Buzby

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, United States of America

Joshua Hall

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, United States of America

Stephanie Ash

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, United States of America

Rachel Harrington

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, United States of America

Seana Cofsky

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, United States of America

Selina Clancy

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, United States of America

Curtis J. Kapsak

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Theiagen Genomics, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, United States of America

Joel Sevinsky

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Theiagen Genomics, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, United States of America

Kevin Libuit

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Theiagen Genomics, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, United States of America

Daniel J. Park

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Peera Hemarajata

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Los Angeles County Public Health Laboratories, Downey, California, United States of America

Jacob M. Garrigues

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Los Angeles County Public Health Laboratories, Downey, California, United States of America

Nicole M. Green

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Los Angeles County Public Health Laboratories, Downey, California, United States of America

Sean Sierra-Patev

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Rhode Island Department of Health, Rhode Island State Health Laboratory, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America

Kristin Carpenter-Azevedo

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Rhode Island Department of Health, Rhode Island State Health Laboratory, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America

Richard C. Huard

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Rhode Island Department of Health, Rhode Island State Health Laboratory, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America

Claire Pearson

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Connecticut Department of Public Health, Rocky Hill, Connecticut, United States of America

Kutluhan Incekara

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Connecticut Department of Public Health, Rocky Hill, Connecticut, United States of America

Christina Nishimura

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Connecticut Department of Public Health, Rocky Hill, Connecticut, United States of America

Jian Ping Huang

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Connecticut Department of Public Health, Rocky Hill, Connecticut, United States of America

Emily Gagnon

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Connecticut Department of Public Health, Rocky Hill, Connecticut, United States of America

Ethan Reever

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Connecticut Department of Public Health, Rocky Hill, Connecticut, United States of America

Jafar Razeq

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Connecticut Department of Public Health, Rocky Hill, Connecticut, United States of America

Anthony Muyombwe

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Connecticut Department of Public Health, Rocky Hill, Connecticut, United States of America

Vítor Borges

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal

Rita Ferreira

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal

Daniel Sobral

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal

Silvia Duarte

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Technology and Innovation Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal

Daniela Santos

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Technology and Innovation Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal

Luís Vieira

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Technology and Innovation Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal

João Paulo Gomes

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal

Carly Aquino

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Delaware Public Health Laboratory, Smyrna, Delaware, United States of America

Isabella M. Savino

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Delaware Public Health Laboratory, Smyrna, Delaware, United States of America

Karinda Felton

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Delaware Public Health Laboratory, Smyrna, Delaware, United States of America

Moneeb Bajwa

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Delaware Public Health Laboratory, Smyrna, Delaware, United States of America

Nyjil Hayward

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Delaware Public Health Laboratory, Smyrna, Delaware, United States of America

Holly Miller

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Delaware Public Health Laboratory, Smyrna, Delaware, United States of America

Allison Naumann

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Delaware Public Health Laboratory, Smyrna, Delaware, United States of America

Ria Allman

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Delaware Public Health Laboratory, Smyrna, Delaware, United States of America

Neel Greer

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Delaware Public Health Laboratory, Smyrna, Delaware, United States of America

Amary Fall

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Heba H. Mostafa

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Martin P. McHugh

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Viral Genotyping Reference Laboratory Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom

Daniel M. Maloney

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Viral Genotyping Reference Laboratory Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Rebecca Dewar

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Viral Genotyping Reference Laboratory Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Juliet Kenicer

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Viral Genotyping Reference Laboratory Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Abby Parker

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Viral Genotyping Reference Laboratory Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Katharine Mathers

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Viral Genotyping Reference Laboratory Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Jonathan Wild

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Viral Genotyping Reference Laboratory Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Seb Cotton

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Viral Genotyping Reference Laboratory Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Kate E. Templeton

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Viral Genotyping Reference Laboratory Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

George Churchwell

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America

Philip A. Lee

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America

Maria Pedrosa

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America

Brenna McGruder

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America

Sarah Schmedes

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America

Matthew R. Plumb

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Minnesota Department of Health, Public Health Laboratory, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America

Xiong Wang

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Minnesota Department of Health, Public Health Laboratory, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America

Regina Bones Barcellos

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria Estadual da Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Fernanda M. S. Godinho

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria Estadual da Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Richard Steiner Salvato

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria Estadual da Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Aimee Ceniseros

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Idaho Bureau of Laboratories, Boise, Idaho, United States of America

Mallery I. Breban

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Nathan D. Grubaugh

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Glen R. Gallagher

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

glen.gallagher@health.ri.gov (GRG); chantal.vogels@yale.edu (CBFV)

‡ NFGC, CC, and LG share first authorship on this work. GRG and CBFV are co-senior authors on this work.

Affiliations Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, United States of America, Rhode Island Department of Health, Rhode Island State Health Laboratory, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America

Chantal B. F. Vogels

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

glen.gallagher@health.ri.gov (GRG); chantal.vogels@yale.edu (CBFV)

‡ NFGC, CC, and LG share first authorship on this work. GRG and CBFV are co-senior authors on this work.

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: NDG is a consultant for Tempus Labs and the National Basketball Association for work related to COVID-19. All other authors have declared that no competing interests exist.