About the Authors

Tom G. Richardson

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Tom.G.Richardson@bristol.ac.uk

Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, United Kingdom, Novo Nordisk Research Centre, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom

Genevieve M. Leyden

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, United Kingdom, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Qin Wang

Roles Software, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation MRC Population Health Research Unit (PHRU), Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Joshua A. Bell

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, United Kingdom

Benjamin Elsworth

Roles Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, United Kingdom

George Davey Smith

Contributed equally to this work with: George Davey Smith, Michael V. Holmes

Roles Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, United Kingdom

Michael V. Holmes

Contributed equally to this work with: George Davey Smith, Michael V. Holmes

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation MRC Population Health Research Unit (PHRU), Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: TGR is employed part-time by Novo Nordisk outside of this work. MVH has consulted for Boehringer Ingelheim, and in adherence to the University of Oxford’s Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CSTU) staff policy, did not accept personal honoraria or other payments from pharmaceutical companies. All other co-authors declare no conflict of interest.