About the Authors

Shoya Iwanami

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Project administration, Visualization, Writing – original draft

‡ S. Iwanami and KK contributed equally to this work. S. Iwami and KW also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

Kosaku Kitagawa

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – original draft

‡ S. Iwanami and KK contributed equally to this work. S. Iwami and KW also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

Hirofumi Ohashi

Roles Formal analysis

Affiliations Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan

Yusuke Asai

Roles Formal analysis, Visualization

Affiliation Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

Kaho Shionoya

Roles Investigation

Affiliations Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan

Wakana Saso

Roles Investigation

Affiliations Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Kazane Nishioka

Roles Formal analysis

Affiliations Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan

Hisashi Inaba

Roles Formal analysis

Affiliation Graduate School of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Shinji Nakaoka

Roles Formal analysis

Affiliations Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan

Takaji Wakita

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation

Affiliation Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan

Odo Diekmann

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Mathematisch Institute, Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands

Shingo Iwami

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft

siwami@kyushu-u.org (SI); kwatashi@nih.go.jp (KW)

‡ S. Iwanami and KK contributed equally to this work. S. Iwami and KW also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, MIRAI, JST, Saitama, Japan, Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, NEXT-Ganken Program, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), Tokyo, Japan, Science Groove, Inc., Fukuoka, Japan

Koichi Watashi

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft

siwami@kyushu-u.org (SI); kwatashi@nih.go.jp (KW)

‡ S. Iwanami and KK contributed equally to this work. S. Iwami and KW also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan, MIRAI, JST, Saitama, Japan, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.