About the Authors

Brandon S. Razooky

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America, The Gladstone Institutes (Virology and Immunology), San Francisco, California, United States of America, Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United Sates of America, Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America, Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America

Youfang Cao

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Theoretical Biology and Biophysics (T-6), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America, Center for Nonlinear Studies (CNLS), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Maike M. K. Hansen

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The Gladstone Institutes (Virology and Immunology), San Francisco, California, United States of America

Alan S. Perelson

Roles Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Theoretical Biology and Biophysics (T-6), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Michael L. Simpson

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

simpsonml1@ornl.gov (MLS); leor.weinberger@gladstone.ucsf.edu (LSW)

Affiliations Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America, Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America

Leor S. Weinberger

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

simpsonml1@ornl.gov (MLS); leor.weinberger@gladstone.ucsf.edu (LSW)

Affiliations The Gladstone Institutes (Virology and Immunology), San Francisco, California, United States of America, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America, QB3: California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal's policy, and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: LSW is a cofounder of Autonomous Therapeutics, Inc.