About the Authors

Benjamin M. Laitman

Contributed equally to this work with: Benjamin M. Laitman, Linnéa Asp

Affiliations Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Linnéa Asp

Contributed equally to this work with: Benjamin M. Laitman, Linnéa Asp

Affiliations Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

John N. Mariani

Affiliations Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Jingya Zhang

Affiliations Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Jia Liu

Affiliations Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Setsu Sawai

Affiliations Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Candice Chapouly

Affiliations Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Sam Horng

Affiliations Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Elisabeth G. Kramer

Affiliations Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Nesanet Mitiku

† Deceased.

Affiliations Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Hannah Loo

Affiliations Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Natalie Burlant

Affiliations Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Xiomara Pedre

Affiliations Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Yuko Hara

Affiliations Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

German Nudelman

Affiliations Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Systems Biology Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Elena Zaslavsky

Affiliations Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Systems Biology Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Young-Min Lee

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

David A. Braun

Affiliations Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Systems Biology Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Q. Richard Lu

Affiliation Pediatrics, Cincinnati Childrens’ Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America

Goutham Narla

Affiliation School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Cedric S. Raine

Affiliation Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America

Scott L. Friedman

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Patrizia Casaccia

Affiliations Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Gareth R. John

gareth.john@mssm.edu

Affiliations Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: Dr. Mitiku is listed as an author of this paper, but passed away before the work was submitted. The corresponding author, Gareth R. John, has therefore supplied the information regarding their contribution to the manuscript and their competing interests, and it is correct to the best of his knowledge.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: BML LA JNM JL YH GNudelman EZ GNarla CSR SLF PC GRJ. Performed the experiments: BML LA JNM JZ JL SS CC SH EGK NM HL NB XP YH YML. Analyzed the data: BML LA JNM YH GNarla EZ DAB PC GRJ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: QRL. Wrote the paper: BML LA JNM GRJ.