About the Authors

Yun Tao

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ytao3@emory.edu

Affiliations Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America , Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Luciana Araripe

Affiliation Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Sarah B Kingan

Affiliation Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Yeyan Ke

Affiliation Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Hailian Xiao

Affiliation Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Daniel L Hartl

Affiliation Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

YT and DLH conceived the research. YT, LA, SBK, YK, and HX performed the experiments. YT analyzed the data. YT and DLH wrote the paper.