About the Authors

John W Krakauer

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jwk18@columbia.edu

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America

Pietro Mazzoni

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America

Ali Ghazizadeh

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Roshni Ravindran

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America

Reza Shadmehr

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

JWK and PM conceived and designed the experiments. RR performed the experiments. JWK, PM, and RR analyzed the data. JWK, PM, and RS wrote the paper. AG implemented the mathematical model related to experimental results. RS directed implementation of the mathematical model related to the experimental results.