Fig 1.
Map of Finland with the study regions.
Map of Finland showing historically motivated regions that we use to track changes in genetic ancestry. Dotted lines show the regions ceded to the Soviet Union (Ceded Karelia (CKA), Petsamo, and Salla) after World War II. Today these three regions are part of Russia. Purple arrows show the main patterns how evacuees from CKA were relocated to other parts of Finland. Diamonds mark the four largest metropolitan areas in Finland: Helsinki, Turku, Tampere and Oulu. ÅLA: Åland islands, SOF: Southern Finland. SWF: Southwestern Finland, TAV: Tavastia, SKA: South Karelia, CKA Ceded Karelia, NKA: North Karelia, SSA: South Savo, NSA: North Savo, CNF: Central Finland, OST: Ostrobothnia, NOS: North Ostrobothnia, KAI: Kainuu, LAP: Lapland.
Fig 2.
Geographic location of reference individuals.
The Geographic location of the reference individuals in the reference groups of A) refset 2 (n = 1,472), B) refset 6 (n = 1,026) and C) refset 10 (n = 1,236) marked with colors. The names of the reference groups are shown on right. The locations were determined as the mean of the parents’ municipalities of birth.
Table 1.
Pairwise-FST values (×105) between reference groups of refset 10 (lower triangular) and the corresponding standard errors (upper triangular).
Fig 3.
Average ancestry profiles for simulation scenarios between East and West.
Average ancestry profiles for four simulation scenarios and up to 5 generations back in time (G1 –G5). In All-West and All-East scenarios all ancestors from G = 1…5 generations back in time originate from a single ancestor candidate group, A-West or A-East, respectively. In Almost-West and Almost-East scenarios a single ancestor, G generations back in time, originates from the other group, A-East or A-West, respectively. Each bar shows the average over 20 simulated individuals (individually shown in S10 Fig) with 95% confidence intervals. The colors denote the ancestry profile with respect to refset 2 (Fig 2A): R2-West in red and R2-East in blue.
Fig 4.
Average ancestry profiles for detailed simulation scenarios.
The average ancestry for 20 simulated individuals whose parents originate from the ancestor candidate groups described in S9 Fig. Panel A presents individuals whose all ancestors come from one group (single origin) estimated using refset 2, 6 or 10. Panel B presents individuals whose 2G-1 ancestors, where G = 1…4 is the number of generations, originate from A-Southwest and 1 ancestor originates from the ancestor group in the title, estimated using refset 10. The colors correspond to the reference groups in Fig 2.
Fig 5.
Development of genetic ancestry through the 20th century.
Map names 14 regions and shows the locations of the individuals who form the 10 reference groups. Each panel corresponds to one region and shows 10 curves corresponding to the 10 reference groups. Each curve shows the estimated proportion of ancestry from the reference group, as a function of birth years of individuals from 1923 to 1987. The bands around the curves show 95% confidence intervals.
Fig 6.
Regional development of genetic ancestry from R10-Evacuated reference group.
The development of the genetic ancestry from the R10-Evacuated reference group on four regions, Tavastia (TAV), Ostrobothnia (OST), Southern Finland (SOF) and Kainuu (KAI) suggests very different migration patterns of war-time evacuees in different parts of Finland during the war (1939–1945) and after the war.
Table 2.
Proportion of Karelian evacuees (from CKA) and the estimated genetic ancestry proportion of R10-Evacuated in different regions in year 1950.
Fig 7.
Rate of change in heterogeneity.
The rate of change in heterogeneity at each region of Finland (see Fig 1) between 1923 and 1987. The rate of change is calculated by regressing the entropy of ancestry profiles of the individuals born in the region on their year of birth. Entropy was calculated with respect to refsets 2, 6, and 10.