Fig 1.
Extent of marine taxa revealed by eDNA from Rottnest Island (A).
55 monthly plankton samples taken across five years (2009–2015) and an extreme heatwave event (B), which yielded 245 families of eukaryotic zooplankton across 20 phyla (C).
Table 1.
Significance of changes to the Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) Richness (a count of the number of OTUs in each sample) & Assemblage (the OTUs making up each sample) during different time periods within the five-year eDNA data including F statistics (F)—PERMANOVA+ [42].
Fig 2.
Seasonality in eDNA revealed by the Fish assay: (A) Number of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) at each time point (Richness; p < 0.001) and (B) Diversity of OTUs as exhibited by a non-parametric multivariate analysis (Assemblage; k = 3, stress = 0.15, p < 0.001), the coloured lines extrude from the centroids of each season towards the variation of Assemblage in each sample.
Fig 3.
Heatwave effects revealed by Copepod 1 eDNA assay “Heatwave 1” and “Heatwave 2” are indicated.
(A) Changes in the number of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) over time (Richness: Heatwave 1; p < 0.01 & Heatwave 2; p < 0.05) and (B) changes in the diversity of the OTUs revealed by non-parametric multivariate analysis (Assemblage; k = 3, stress = 0.15, both p < 0.001), the coloured lines extrude from the centroids of each time period towards the variation in Assemblage from each sample.
Table 2.
Relationship between sea surface temperature (SST) and abiotic factors, and OTU richness (the number of OTUs in each sample)—nbGLM (negative binominal Generalised Linear Model; [52])—and assemblage (what OTUs are in each sample)—DistLM (Distance based Linear Model; [42])—as indicated by each assay.