Fig 1.
Hybrid dysgenesis in D. simulans.
Outcome of a reciprocal cross between D. simulans strains. In the non-dysgenic direction of the cross (left, FL31♀ x M252♂), most female offspring have normal ovaries, while in the reciprocal, non-dysgenic cross (right, FL31♂ x M252♀), many female offspring suffer from malformed ovaries.
Fig 2.
Cytotypes of lines assayed for dysgenesis.
A) Plot showing the significance of association between the presence of different TE families in lines and their ability to cause hybrid dysgenesis (-log(p) from Fisher’s exact tests). TEs that previously have been associated with hybrid dysgenesis (P-element, hobo, I-element) are highlighted in red. B) The cytotypes and P-element infection status of a worldwide sample of D. simulans lines is shown. Populations from the same year are grouped together by cytotype. Two strains showed amplification of all four exons individually, but not of full-length element.
Fig 3.
Partial and full P-element copies in D. simulans collected A) 1984–2008, and B) 2009–2014.
Map shows the approximate location where strains were collected, and pie charts show the proportion of strains containing P-element (either full-length copies or individual exons could be amplified by PCR) and no copies (no P-element of any kind could be sampled). The area of the pie charts is proportional to the number of strains sampled (see Legend), except for single points, which indicate one strain.
Fig 4.
Time series of P-element in different forms in D. simulans.
The plot shows strains with full (and partial) and no P-elements over time in Africa (top panel), North and South America (middle panel), and Europe (bottom panel) across time. Each point indicates a strain, with overlapping points jittered slightly. Data from the 1980’s in the Americas are from Brookfield (1984) [30].