Figure 1.
SHANK variants in patients with ASD and controls.
Coding-sequence variants identified only in patients with ASD (upper panel), shared by patients and controls (lower panel and underlined), and present only in controls (lower panel). Truncating variants are indicated in red. The variants predicted as deleterious or benign are indicated in orange and green, respectively. Coding-sequence variants with a proven in vitro functional impact are indicated with black stars. Conserved domains are represented in color: SPN (yellow), Ankyrin (red), SH3 (orange), PDZ (blue) and SAM (green).
Figure 2.
Prevalence and meta-analysis of copy number variant studies in ASD.
A. The prevalence and the confidence interval from a set of single copy number variant studies and the pooled prevalence and the confidence interval of the meta-analysis. The prevalence is indicated by circles in red, pink, purple and black for “ASD all” (all ASD patients), “ASD IQ<70” (patients with ID; IQ<70), “ASD IQ>70” (patients with IQ in the normal range), and “CTRL” (controls), respectively. The plotted circles are proportional to the corresponding sample size. B. Meta-analysis of the copy number variants altering SHANK genes. For each study, the Odds ratio and confidence interval are given. Each meta-analysis is calculated using inverse variance method for fixed (IV-FEM) and random effects (IV-REM). The statistics measuring heterogeneity (Q, I2 and Tau2) are indicated. The number under the scatter plot correspond to independent studies: 1 = “[The Paris cohort: this study+Durand et al. 2007 [6]; Sato et al. 2012 [19]; Leblond et al. 2012 [18]]”, 2 = “[Moessner et al. (2007) [13]; Marshall et al. (2008) [52]; Pinto et al. (2010) [8]; Berkel et al. (2010) [14]; Sato et al. (2012) [19]]”, 3 = “Bremer et al. (2010) [53]”, 4 = “Glessner et al. (2009) [34]”, 5 = “Sanders et al. (2011) [9]”, and 6 = “Sebat et al. (2007) [51]”. IV, Inverse Variance; FEM, Fixed Effect Method; REM, Random Effect Method; OR, Odds Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval; IQ, Intellectual Quotient; CNV, Copy Number Variant.
Figure 3.
Prevalence and meta-analysis of coding-sequence variant studies in ASD.
A. The prevalence and the confidence interval from a set of single coding-sequence variant studies, and the pooled prevalence and the confidence interval of the meta-analysis. The prevalence is indicated by circles in red, pink, purple and black for “ASD all” (all ASD patients), “ASD IQ<70” (patients with ID; IQ<70), “ASD IQ>70” (patients with normal IQ), and “CTRL” (controls), respectively. Three categories are used to study the prevalence of coding-sequence variants in ASD and controls: all or “A” (all mutation), Damaging or “D” (damaging missense mutation; score obtained from polyphen-2), and Truncating or “T” (mutation altering SHANK protein). The plotted circles are proportional to the corresponding sample size. B. Meta-analysis of coding-sequence variant studies altering SHANK genes. For each study, the Odds ratio and confidence interval is given. Each meta-analysis is calculated using inverse variance method for fixed (IV-FEM) and random effects (IV-REM). The statistics measuring heterogeneity (Q, I2 and Tau2) are indicated. The number under the scatter plot correspond to independent studies: 1 = “This study”, 2 = “ Sato et al. (2012) [19]”, 3 = “Berkel et al. (2010) [14]”, 4 = “Leblond et al. (2012) [18]”, 5 = “Boccuto et al. (2012) [17]”, and 6 = “[This Study and Durand et al. 2007 [6]]”, 7 = “[Gauthier et al. (2009–2010) [16], [47]]”, 8 = “Moessner et al. (2007) [13]”, 9 = “Schaff et al. (2011) [35]”. IV, Inverse Variance; FEM, Fixed Effect Method; REM, Random Effect Method; OR, Odds Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval; IQ, Intellectual Quotient; CNV, Copy Number Variant.
Figure 4.
Scatter plots of the intellectual quotient and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) scores of the patients with ASD screened for SHANK1-3 mutations.
Mutations in SHANK1-3 are associated with a gradient of severity in cognitive impairment. SHANK1 mutations were reported in patients without ID (green dots). SHANK2 mutations were reported in patients with mild ID (orange dots). SHANK3 mutations were found in patients with moderate to severe deficit (red dots). Black dots correspond to the patients enrolled in the PARIS cohort screened for deleterious SHANK1-3 mutations (n = 498). In addition to the PARIS cohort [6], [8], [18], three patients with a SHANK1 deletion [19] and two patients with a SHANK2 deletion [14] were included in the scatter plot. A high score of the ADI-R is associated with a more severe profile. The threshold of the “Social”, “Verbal”, “Non-Verbal” and “Repetitive Behavior” Scores are 10, 8, 7 and 3, respectively.
Table 1.
Prevalence of SHANK rare coding-sequence and copy-number variants in patients with ASD and controls.
Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of the patients carrying de novo SHANK2 and SHANK3 mutations.
Table 3.
Summary of the SHANK protein functions and of the main findings obtained for patients with ASD.