Table 1.
Rates of non-synonymous (dN) and synonymous (dS) substitution for autosomal sex-biased and unbiased genes.
Figure 1.
Heat maps and hierarchical clustering of gene expression for females, subordinate males and dominant males.
Shown is the relative expression for autosomal male-biased (n = 2,217, panel A), female-biased (n = 2,908, panel B) and Z-linked (n = 364, panel C) genes. Hierarchical gene clustering is based on Euclidean distance for average log2 expression for each gene for the three sexual morphs. The number at each node is the percentage bootstrap result from 1000 replicates.
Figure 2.
Average log2 expression for all sex-biased genes.
Panel A, autosomal male-biased and female-biased genes in females (red), subordinate males (light blue) and dominant males (dark blue). Panel B, autosomal male-biased genes ranked by male-bias. Panel C, autosomal female-biased genes ranked by female bias, and Panel D, Z-linked male-biased genes ranked by male-bias. Whiskers extend to the most extreme data point, excluding outliers that exceeded 1.5× the interquartile range. Significant p-values as calculated by Wilcoxon tests are indicated by asterisks above each comparison between dominant and subordinate males (* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001, **** p<0.0001).
Figure 3.
Sex-bias in the spleen of females (red), subordinate males (light blue) and dominant males (dark blue).
Sex-bias was defined in panel A based on a 1.5-fold change threshold between females and dominant males, with a p-value<0.05. Sex-bias in panel B is defined solely on statistical difference (p<0.05) between females and dominant males. Significant difference between dominant and subordinate males is indicated (Wilcoxon test, * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001, **** p<0.0001).
Figure 4.
Expression similarity across sexual forms.
Spearman rank order (ρ) correlations for average expression for females, subordinate males and dominant males for autosomal unbiased (panel A), autosomal male-biased (panel B), autosomal female-biased (panel C), and Z-linked (panel D) genes. Correlation values are colour coded with lighter colours indicating greater correlation.
Figure 5.
Venn diagrams for the number of autosomal (panel A) and Z-linked (panel B) genes expressed in females (red), subordinate males (light blue) and dominant males (dark blue).