Population structure in genetic studies: Confounding factors and mixed models
Fig 5
Observed distribution in a (A) Manhattan plot, (B) cumulative p-value distribution, and (C) Q–Q plot. Circles in (B) and (C) indicate where the median p-value falls on the plot compared to where it is expected. Here, there is a substantial deviation between the red and yellow lines due to inflation of false positive associations for the body weight phenotype. Q–Q, quantile–quantile.