Adjusting for principal components can induce collider bias in genome-wide association studies

• Kelsey E. Grinde ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: kgrinde@macalester.edu

  Affiliation Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Macalester College, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8306-9238

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• Brian L. Browning,

  Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6454-6633

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• Alexander P. Reiner,

  Roles Data curation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1427-4470

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• Timothy A. Thornton,

  Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, New York, United States of America, Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

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• Sharon R. Browning

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7251-9715

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