A Phenome-Wide Association Study of genes associated with COVID-19 severity reveals shared genetics with complex diseases in the Million Veteran Program

• Anurag Verma ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Anurag Verma, Noah L. Tsao

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: anurag.verma@pennmedicine.upenn.edu (AV); kliao@bwh.harvard.edu (KPL)

  Affiliations Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5063-9107

  ⨯
• Noah L. Tsao ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Anurag Verma, Noah L. Tsao

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5743-0795

  ⨯
• Lauren O. Thomann,

  Roles Project administration, Resources

  Affiliation VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2134-8543

  ⨯
• Yuk-Lam Ho,

  Roles Data curation, Resources

  Affiliation Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3305-3830

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• Sudha K. Iyengar,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7488-250X

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• Shiuh-Wen Luoh,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, United States of America, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America

  ⨯
• Rotonya Carr,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, University of Washington, Division of Gastroenterology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0235-6994

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• Dana C. Crawford,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6437-6248

  ⨯
• Jimmy T. Efird,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center, Health Services Research and Development, DVAHCS (Duke University Affiliate), Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4890-5111

  ⨯
• Jennifer E. Huffman,

  Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9672-2491

  ⨯
• Adriana Hung,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (Nashville VA) & Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3203-1608

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• Kerry L. Ivey,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Infection and Immunity Theme, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9855-2599

  ⨯
• Michael G. Levin,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9937-9932

  ⨯
• Julie Lynch,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0108-2127

  ⨯
• Pradeep Natarajan,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard & MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8402-7435

  ⨯
• Saiju Pyarajan,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9047-3762

  ⨯
• Alexander G. Bick,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5824-9595

  ⨯
• Lauren Costa,

  Roles Project administration

  Affiliation Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7237-5336

  ⨯
• Giulio Genovese,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard & MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

  ⨯
• Richard Hauger,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1509-1868

  ⨯
• Ravi Madduri,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations University of Chicago Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America, Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2130-2887

  ⨯
• Gita A. Pathak,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3943-0895

  ⨯
• Renato Polimanti,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0745-6046

  ⨯
• Benjamin Voight,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

  ⨯
• Marijana Vujkovic,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4924-5714

  ⨯
• Seyedeh Maryam Zekavat,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Yale School of Medicine New Haven, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4026-8944

  ⨯
• Hongyu Zhao,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Yale School of Medicine New Haven, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1195-9607

  ⨯
• Marylyn D. Ritchie,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1208-1720

  ⨯
• VA Million Veteran Program COVID-19 Science Initiative,
• Kyong-Mi Chang,

  Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6811-9364

  ⨯
• Kelly Cho,

  Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

  ⨯
• Juan P. Casas,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

  ⨯
• Philip S. Tsao,

  Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America, Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7274-9318

  ⨯
• J. Michael Gaziano,

  Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5384-9767

  ⨯
• Christopher O’Donnell,

  Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2667-8624

  ⨯
• Scott M. Damrauer ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors jointly supervised on this work.

  Affiliations Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

  ⨯
•  [ ... ],
• Katherine P. Liao

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: anurag.verma@pennmedicine.upenn.edu (AV); kliao@bwh.harvard.edu (KPL)

  ¶‡ These authors jointly supervised on this work.

  Affiliations VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4797-3200

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