About the Authors

Laurence J. Howe

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

lh14833@bristol.ac.uk (LJH); s.j.lewis@bristol.ac.uk (SJL)

Affiliations Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Myoung Keun Lee

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Gemma C. Sharp

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

George Davey Smith

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Beate St Pourcain

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands

John R. Shaffer

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Kerstin U. Ludwig

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

Elisabeth Mangold

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

Mary L. Marazita

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Eleanor Feingold

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Alexei Zhurov

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, United Kingdom

Evie Stergiakouli

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Jonathan Sandy

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Stephen Richmond

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, United Kingdom

Seth M. Weinberg

Roles Funding acquisition, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Gibran Hemani

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Sarah J. Lewis

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

lh14833@bristol.ac.uk (LJH); s.j.lewis@bristol.ac.uk (SJL)

Affiliations Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist