About the Authors

Maggie C. Y. Ng

Contributed equally to this work with: Maggie C. Y. Ng, Mariaelisa Graff

Affiliations Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America

Mariaelisa Graff

Contributed equally to this work with: Maggie C. Y. Ng, Mariaelisa Graff

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America

Yingchang Lu

Affiliation The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icachn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America

Anne E. Justice

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America

Poorva Mudgal

Affiliation Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America

Ching-Ti Liu

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America

Kristin Young

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America

Lisa R. Yanek

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America

Mary F. Feitosa

Affiliation Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO, United States of America

Mary K. Wojczynski

Affiliation Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO, United States of America

Kristin Rand

Affiliation Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America

Jennifer A. Brody

Affiliation Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America

Brian E. Cade

Affiliations Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America

Latchezar Dimitrov

Affiliation Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America

Qing Duan

Affiliation Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America

Xiuqing Guo

Affiliation Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America

Leslie A. Lange

Affiliation Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America

Michael A. Nalls

Affiliations Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America, Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, United States of America

Hayrettin Okut

Affiliation Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America

Salman M. Tajuddin

Affiliation National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America

Bamidele O. Tayo

Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States of America

Sailaja Vedantam

Affiliations Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America

Jonathan P. Bradfield

Affiliation Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America

Guanjie Chen

Affiliation Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America

Wei-Min Chen

Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America

Alessandra Chesi

Affiliation Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America

Marguerite R. Irvin

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America

Badri Padhukasahasram

Affiliation Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States of America

Jennifer A. Smith

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America

Wei Zheng

Affiliation Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America

Matthew A. Allison

Affiliation Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America

Christine B. Ambrosone

Affiliation Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, United States of America

Elisa V. Bandera

Affiliation Department of Population Science, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America

Traci M. Bartz

Affiliation Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America

Sonja I. Berndt

Affiliation Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States of America

Leslie Bernstein

Affiliation Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States of America

William J. Blot

Affiliation International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD, United States of America

Erwin P. Bottinger

Affiliation The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icachn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America

John Carpten

Affiliation Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America

Stephen J. Chanock

Affiliation Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States of America

Yii-Der Ida Chen

Affiliation Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America

David V. Conti

Affiliation Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America

Richard S. Cooper

Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States of America

Myriam Fornage

Affiliation Center for Human Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America

Barry I. Freedman

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America

Melissa Garcia

Affiliation National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America

Phyllis J. Goodman

Affiliation SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America

Yu-Han H. Hsu

Affiliations Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America, Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Genomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America

Jennifer Hu

Affiliations Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America

Chad D. Huff

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America

Sue A. Ingles

Affiliations Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America

Esther M. John

Affiliations Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA, United States of America, Department of Health Research and Policy (Epidemiology) and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America

Rick Kittles

Affiliation Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America

Eric Klein

Affiliation Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America

Jin Li

Affiliation Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America

Barbara McKnight

Affiliation Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America

Uma Nayak

Affiliation Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America

Barbara Nemesure

Affiliation Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America

Adesola Ogunniyi

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

Andrew Olshan

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America

Michael F. Press

Affiliation Department of Pathology and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America

Rebecca Rohde

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America

Benjamin A. Rybicki

Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States of America

Babatunde Salako

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

Maureen Sanderson

Affiliation Department of Family and Community Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States of America

Yaming Shao

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America

David S. Siscovick

Affiliation The New York Academy of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America

Janet L. Stanford

Affiliations Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America

Victoria L. Stevens

Affiliation Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States of America

Alex Stram

Affiliation Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America

Sara S. Strom

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America

Dhananjay Vaidya

Affiliations Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America

John S. Witte

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America

Jie Yao

Affiliation Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America

Xiaofeng Zhu

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America

Regina G. Ziegler

Affiliation Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America

Alan B. Zonderman

Affiliation National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America

Adebowale Adeyemo

Affiliation Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America

Stefan Ambs

Affiliation Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States of America

Mary Cushman

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States of America

Jessica D. Faul

Affiliation Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America

Hakon Hakonarson

Affiliations Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America

Albert M. Levin

Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States of America

Katherine L. Nathanson

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America

Erin B. Ware

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America

David R. Weir

Affiliation Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America

Wei Zhao

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America

Degui Zhi

Affiliation School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America

The Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study (BMDCS) Group

Full membership of the Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study (BMDCS) Group is provided in S2 Text.

Donna K. Arnett

Affiliation School of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America

Struan F. A. Grant

Affiliations Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America, Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America, Division of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America

Sharon L. R. Kardia

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America

Olufunmilayo I. Oloapde

Affiliation Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, Department of Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America

D. C. Rao

Affiliation Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America

Charles N. Rotimi

Affiliation Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America

Michele M. Sale

Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America

L. Keoki Williams

Affiliations Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States of America, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States of America

Babette S. Zemel

Affiliations Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America

Diane M. Becker

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America

Ingrid B. Borecki

Affiliations Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO, United States of America, Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, United States of America

Michele K. Evans

Affiliation National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America

Tamara B. Harris

Affiliation National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America

Joel N. Hirschhorn

Affiliations Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America, Departments of Genetics and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America

Yun Li

Affiliations Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America, Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America, Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America

Sanjay R. Patel

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America

Bruce M. Psaty

Affiliations Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America, Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America

Jerome I. Rotter

Affiliations Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America, Division of Genomic Outcomes, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America

James G. Wilson

Affiliation Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America

Donald W. Bowden

Affiliations Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America, Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America

L. Adrienne Cupples

Affiliations Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America, NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States of America

Christopher A. Haiman

haiman@usc.edu (CAH); Ruth.loos@mssm.edu (RJFL); kari_north@unc.edu (KEN)

‡ These authors jointly supervised this work.

Affiliations Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America

Ruth J. F. Loos

haiman@usc.edu (CAH); Ruth.loos@mssm.edu (RJFL); kari_north@unc.edu (KEN)

‡ These authors jointly supervised this work.

Affiliations The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icachn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America

Kari E. North

haiman@usc.edu (CAH); Ruth.loos@mssm.edu (RJFL); kari_north@unc.edu (KEN)

‡ These authors jointly supervised this work.

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: BMP serves on the DSMB of a clinical trial funded by the manufacturer and on the Steering Committee for the Yale Open Data Access Project funded by Johnson & Johnson. IB works in Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. MAN's participation is supported by a consulting contract between Data Tecnica International and the National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA. As a possible conflict of interest, MAN also consults for Illumina Inc, the Michael J. Fox Foundation and University of California Healthcare.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: CAH KEN MCYN RJFL. Formal analysis: AC AEJ AML AS BEC BOT BP CTL DH DV DZ EBW GC GL HO JAB JAS JPB JDF JL JY KR KY LAL LD LRY MCYN MFF MGr MKW MAN MRI PM QD RR SMT SV TMB WMC WZha XG YHHH YLi YLu YS. Project administration: AA ABZ AOl BAR BIF BM BMP BN BOT BSZ CAH CBA CDH CNR DCR DH DKA DMB DRW DSS DVC DWB EK EMJ EPB EVB HH IBB JC JGW JH JIR JLS JNH JSW KEN KLW LAC LB MCYN MF MKE MMS MFP MS OIO PJG RGZ RJFL RK RSC SAI SFAG SIB SJC SLRK SRP SSS TBH VLS WJB WZhe XZ. Resources: AGF AOg BIF BMP BN BS BSZ DRW HH JAS JDF JIR KLN MAA MC MGa OO SA SFAG SLRK TOO UN WZha WZhe YDIC. Supervision: CAH KEN MCYN RJFL. Writing – original draft: AEJ CTL LAC LRY MCYN MFF MGr MKW YLu. Writing – review & editing: AEJ BEC BMP CAH CTL DCR DKA DMB JPB KEN KR KY LAC LRY MC MCYN MFF MGr MKW MAN MRI RJFL WMC XG YLu.