About the Authors
- Maggie C. Y. Ng
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Contributed equally to this work with: Maggie C. Y. Ng, Mariaelisa Graff
Affiliations Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
- Mariaelisa Graff
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Contributed equally to this work with: Maggie C. Y. Ng, Mariaelisa Graff
Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Yingchang Lu
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Affiliation The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icachn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Anne E. Justice
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Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Poorva Mudgal
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Affiliation Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
- Ching-Ti Liu
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Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Kristin Young
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Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Lisa R. Yanek
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Mary F. Feitosa
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Affiliation Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO, United States of America
- Mary K. Wojczynski
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Affiliation Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO, United States of America
- Kristin Rand
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Affiliation Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Jennifer A. Brody
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Affiliation Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Brian E. Cade
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Affiliations Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Latchezar Dimitrov
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Affiliation Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
- Qing Duan
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Affiliation Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Xiuqing Guo
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Affiliation Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America
- Leslie A. Lange
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Affiliation Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Michael A. Nalls
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Affiliations Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America, Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, United States of America
- Hayrettin Okut
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Affiliation Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
- Salman M. Tajuddin
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Affiliation National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Bamidele O. Tayo
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Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States of America
- Sailaja Vedantam
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Affiliations Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Jonathan P. Bradfield
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Affiliation Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Guanjie Chen
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Affiliation Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Wei-Min Chen
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Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Alessandra Chesi
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Affiliation Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Marguerite R. Irvin
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Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- Badri Padhukasahasram
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Affiliation Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States of America
- Jennifer A. Smith
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Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Wei Zheng
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Affiliation Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Matthew A. Allison
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Affiliation Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Christine B. Ambrosone
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Affiliation Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
- Elisa V. Bandera
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Affiliation Department of Population Science, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
- Traci M. Bartz
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Affiliation Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Sonja I. Berndt
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Affiliation Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States of America
- Leslie Bernstein
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Affiliation Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States of America
- William J. Blot
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Affiliation International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD, United States of America
- Erwin P. Bottinger
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Affiliation The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icachn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- John Carpten
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Affiliation Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Stephen J. Chanock
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Affiliation Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States of America
- Yii-Der Ida Chen
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Affiliation Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America
- David V. Conti
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Affiliation Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Richard S. Cooper
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Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States of America
- Myriam Fornage
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Affiliation Center for Human Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Barry I. Freedman
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Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
- Melissa Garcia
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Affiliation National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Phyllis J. Goodman
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Affiliation SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Yu-Han H. Hsu
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Affiliations Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America, Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Genomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Jennifer Hu
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Affiliations Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
- Chad D. Huff
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Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Sue A. Ingles
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Affiliations Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Esther M. John
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Affiliations Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA, United States of America, Department of Health Research and Policy (Epidemiology) and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- Rick Kittles
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Affiliation Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- Eric Klein
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Affiliation Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Jin Li
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Affiliation Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
- Barbara McKnight
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Affiliation Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Uma Nayak
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Affiliation Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Barbara Nemesure
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Affiliation Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
- Adesola Ogunniyi
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Andrew Olshan
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Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Michael F. Press
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Affiliation Department of Pathology and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Rebecca Rohde
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Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Benjamin A. Rybicki
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Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States of America
- Babatunde Salako
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Maureen Sanderson
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Affiliation Department of Family and Community Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Yaming Shao
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Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- David S. Siscovick
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Affiliation The New York Academy of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- Janet L. Stanford
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Affiliations Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Victoria L. Stevens
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Affiliation Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Alex Stram
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Affiliation Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Sara S. Strom
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Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Dhananjay Vaidya
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Affiliations Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- John S. Witte
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Affiliations Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Jie Yao
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Affiliation Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America
- Xiaofeng Zhu
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Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Regina G. Ziegler
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Affiliation Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Alan B. Zonderman
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Affiliation National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Adebowale Adeyemo
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Affiliation Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Stefan Ambs
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Affiliation Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Mary Cushman
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States of America
- Jessica D. Faul
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Affiliation Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Hakon Hakonarson
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Affiliations Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Albert M. Levin
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Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States of America
- Katherine L. Nathanson
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Erin B. Ware
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Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- David R. Weir
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Affiliation Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Wei Zhao
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Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Degui Zhi
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Affiliation School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
- The Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study (BMDCS) Group
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¶Full membership of the Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study (BMDCS) Group is provided in
S2 Text . - Donna K. Arnett
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Affiliation School of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Struan F. A. Grant
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Affiliations Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America, Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America, Division of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Sharon L. R. Kardia
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Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Olufunmilayo I. Oloapde
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Affiliation Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, Department of Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- D. C. Rao
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Affiliation Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Charles N. Rotimi
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Affiliation Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Michele M. Sale
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Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- L. Keoki Williams
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Affiliations Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States of America, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States of America
- Babette S. Zemel
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Affiliations Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Diane M. Becker
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Ingrid B. Borecki
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Affiliations Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO, United States of America, Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, United States of America
- Michele K. Evans
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Affiliation National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Tamara B. Harris
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Affiliation National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Joel N. Hirschhorn
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Affiliations Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America, Departments of Genetics and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Yun Li
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Affiliations Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America, Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America, Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Sanjay R. Patel
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Bruce M. Psaty
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Affiliations Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America, Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Jerome I. Rotter
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Affiliations Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America, Division of Genomic Outcomes, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- James G. Wilson
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Affiliation Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
- Donald W. Bowden
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Affiliations Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America, Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
- L. Adrienne Cupples
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Affiliations Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America, NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States of America
- Christopher A. Haiman
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* E-mail: haiman@usc.edu (CAH); Ruth.loos@mssm.edu (RJFL); kari_north@unc.edu (KEN)
¶‡ These authors jointly supervised this work.
Affiliations Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Ruth J. F. Loos
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* E-mail: haiman@usc.edu (CAH); Ruth.loos@mssm.edu (RJFL); kari_north@unc.edu (KEN)
¶‡ These authors jointly supervised this work.
Affiliations The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icachn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Kari E. North
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* E-mail: haiman@usc.edu (CAH); Ruth.loos@mssm.edu (RJFL); kari_north@unc.edu (KEN)
¶‡ These authors jointly supervised this work.
Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
Competing Interests
I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: BMP serves on the DSMB of a clinical trial funded by the manufacturer and on the Steering Committee for the Yale Open Data Access Project funded by Johnson & Johnson. IB works in Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. MAN's participation is supported by a consulting contract between Data Tecnica International and the National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA. As a possible conflict of interest, MAN also consults for Illumina Inc, the Michael J. Fox Foundation and University of California Healthcare.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: CAH KEN MCYN RJFL. Formal analysis: AC AEJ AML AS BEC BOT BP CTL DH DV DZ EBW GC GL HO JAB JAS JPB JDF JL JY KR KY LAL LD LRY MCYN MFF MGr MKW MAN MRI PM QD RR SMT SV TMB WMC WZha XG YHHH YLi YLu YS. Project administration: AA ABZ AOl BAR BIF BM BMP BN BOT BSZ CAH CBA CDH CNR DCR DH DKA DMB DRW DSS DVC DWB EK EMJ EPB EVB HH IBB JC JGW JH JIR JLS JNH JSW KEN KLW LAC LB MCYN MF MKE MMS MFP MS OIO PJG RGZ RJFL RK RSC SAI SFAG SIB SJC SLRK SRP SSS TBH VLS WJB WZhe XZ. Resources: AGF AOg BIF BMP BN BS BSZ DRW HH JAS JDF JIR KLN MAA MC MGa OO SA SFAG SLRK TOO UN WZha WZhe YDIC. Supervision: CAH KEN MCYN RJFL. Writing – original draft: AEJ CTL LAC LRY MCYN MFF MGr MKW YLu. Writing – review & editing: AEJ BEC BMP CAH CTL DCR DKA DMB JPB KEN KR KY LAC LRY MC MCYN MFF MGr MKW MAN MRI RJFL WMC XG YLu.