About the Authors

Mariaelisa Graff

Contributed equally to this work with: Mariaelisa Graff, Robert A. Scott, Anne E. Justice, Kristin L. Young

migraff@email.unc.edu (MG); ruth.loos@mssm.edu (RJFL); tuomas.kilpelainen@sund.ku.dk (TOK)

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Robert A. Scott

Contributed equally to this work with: Mariaelisa Graff, Robert A. Scott, Anne E. Justice, Kristin L. Young

Affiliation MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Anne E. Justice

Contributed equally to this work with: Mariaelisa Graff, Robert A. Scott, Anne E. Justice, Kristin L. Young

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Kristin L. Young

Contributed equally to this work with: Mariaelisa Graff, Robert A. Scott, Anne E. Justice, Kristin L. Young

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Mary F. Feitosa

Affiliation Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Llilda Barata

Affiliation Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Thomas W. Winkler

Affiliation Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

Audrey Y. Chu

Affiliations National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America, Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Anubha Mahajan

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

David Hadley

Affiliation Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom

Luting Xue

Affiliations National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Tsegaselassie Workalemahu

Affiliation Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Nancy L. Heard-Costa

Affiliations National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Marcel den Hoed

Affiliations MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia

Affiliations Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark

Qibin Qi

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America

Julius S. Ngwa

Affiliation Howard University, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington DC, United States of America

Frida Renström

Affiliations Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden, Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

Lydia Quaye

Affiliation Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

John D. Eicher

Affiliation Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America

James E. Hayes

Affiliations Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Marilyn Cornelis

Affiliations Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Zoltan Kutalik

Affiliations Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland

Elise Lim

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jian’an Luan

Affiliation MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Jennifer E. Huffman

Affiliations National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America, MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Weihua Zhang

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital HNS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom

Wei Zhao

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Paula J. Griffin

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Toomas Haller

Affiliation Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

Shafqat Ahmad

Affiliation Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

Pedro M. Marques-Vidal

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland

Stephanie Bien

Affiliation Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Loic Yengo

Affiliation University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France

Alexander Teumer

Affiliations Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

Albert Vernon Smith

Affiliations Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

Meena Kumari

Affiliation ISER, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom

Marie Neergaard Harder

Affiliation Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Johanne Marie Justesen

Affiliation Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Marcus E. Kleber

Affiliations Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany

Mette Hollensted

Affiliation Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Kurt Lohman

Affiliation Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Natalia V. Rivera

Affiliation Karolinska Institutet, Respiratory Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Stockholm, Sweden

John B. Whitfield

Affiliation Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia

Jing Hua Zhao

Affiliation MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Heather M. Stringham

Affiliation Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen

Affiliations Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland

Charlotte Huppertz

Affiliations Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, EMGO+ Institute, Vrije Universiteit & VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Public and Occupational Health, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Gonneke Willemsen

Affiliations Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, EMGO+ Institute, Vrije Universiteit & VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Wouter J. Peyrot

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ InGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Ying Wu

Affiliation Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Kati Kristiansson

Affiliations National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health, Helsinki, Finland, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Ayse Demirkan

Affiliations Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

Myriam Fornage

Affiliations Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America, Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America

Maija Hassinen

Affiliation Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland

Lawrence F. Bielak

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Gemma Cadby

Affiliation Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia

Toshiko Tanaka

Affiliation Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Reedik Mägi

Affiliation Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

Peter J. van der Most

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

Anne U. Jackson

Affiliation Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Jennifer L. Bragg-Gresham

Affiliation Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Veronique Vitart

Affiliation MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Jonathan Marten

Affiliation MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Pau Navarro

Affiliation MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Claire Bellis

Affiliations Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore, Singapore, Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Dorota Pasko

Affiliation Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom

Åsa Johansson

Affiliation Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

Søren Snitker

Affiliation Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Yu-Ching Cheng

Affiliations Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Joel Eriksson

Affiliation Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

Unhee Lim

Affiliation Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America

Mette Aadahl

Affiliations Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Linda S. Adair

Affiliation Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Najaf Amin

Affiliation Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Beverley Balkau

Affiliation INSERM U-1018, CESP, Renal and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, UVSQ-UPS, Villejuif, France

Juha Auvinen

Affiliations Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland

John Beilby

Affiliations Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia, PathWest Laboratory Medicine of WA, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia

Richard N. Bergman

Affiliation Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Sven Bergmann

Affiliations Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

Alain G. Bertoni

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

John Blangero

Affiliation Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America

Amélie Bonnefond

Affiliation University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France

Lori L. Bonnycastle

Affiliation Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Judith B. Borja

Affiliations USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines

Søren Brage

Affiliation MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Fabio Busonero

Affiliation Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy

Steve Buyske

Affiliations Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America, Department of Statistics and Biostatistics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America

Harry Campbell

Affiliation Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, Edinburgh, Scotland

Peter S. Chines

Affiliation Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Francis S. Collins

Affiliation Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Tanguy Corre

Affiliations Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

George Davey Smith

Affiliation MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit & School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Graciela E. Delgado

Affiliation Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany

Nicole Dueker

Affiliation University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Marcus Dörr

Affiliations DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

Tapani Ebeling

Affiliations Department of Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

Gudny Eiriksdottir

Affiliation Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland

Tõnu Esko

Affiliations Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jessica D. Faul

Affiliation Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Mao Fu

Affiliation Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Kristine Færch

Affiliation Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark

Christian Gieger

Affiliations Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany

Sven Gläser

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

Jian Gong

Affiliation Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Penny Gordon-Larsen

Affiliations Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Harald Grallert

Affiliations Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany

Tanja B. Grammer

Affiliation Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany

Niels Grarup

Affiliation Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Gerard van Grootheest

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ InGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Kennet Harald

Affiliation National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health, Helsinki, Finland

Nicholas D. Hastie

Affiliation MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Aki S. Havulinna

Affiliation National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health, Helsinki, Finland

Dena Hernandez

Affiliation Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Lucia Hindorff

Affiliation Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Lynne J. Hocking

Affiliations Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom, Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Oddgeir L. Holmens

Affiliation St. Olav Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway

Christina Holzapfel

Affiliations Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, Institute for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany

Jouke Jan Hottenga

Affiliations Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, NCA Institute, VU University & VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Jie Huang

Affiliation Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Tao Huang

Affiliation Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jennie Hui

Affiliations Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia, PathWest Laboratory Medicine of WA, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia, School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia

Cornelia Huth

Affiliations Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany

Nina Hutri-Kähönen

Affiliations Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland

Alan L. James

Affiliations Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia, Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia

John-Olov Jansson

Affiliation Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

Min A. Jhun

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Markus Juonala

Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland

Leena Kinnunen

Affiliation National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health, Helsinki, Finland

Heikki A. Koistinen

Affiliations National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Medicine and Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland

Ivana Kolcic

Affiliation Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia

Pirjo Komulainen

Affiliation Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland

Johanna Kuusisto

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

Kirsti Kvaløy

Affiliation HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway

Mika Kähönen

Affiliations Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland

Timo A. Lakka

Affiliations Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland

Lenore J. Launer

Affiliation Neuroepidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Benjamin Lehne

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Cecilia M. Lindgren

Affiliations Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Mattias Lorentzon

Affiliations Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, Geriatric Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden

Robert Luben

Affiliation Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Michel Marre

Affiliations INSERM U-1138, Équipe 2: Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Vascular and Renal diseases Related to Diabetes, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nutrition, and Metabolic Diseases, Bichat Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France

Yuri Milaneschi

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ InGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Keri L. Monda

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Observational Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America

Grant W. Montgomery

Affiliation Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia

Marleen H. M. De Moor

Affiliations EMGO+ Institute, Vrije Universiteit & VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Section of Clinical Child and Family Studies, Department of Educational and Family Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Antonella Mulas

Affiliations Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy

Martina Müller-Nurasyid

Affiliations Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany

A. W. Musk

Affiliations Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia, School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia

Reija Männikkö

Affiliation Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland

Satu Männistö

Affiliation National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health, Helsinki, Finland

Narisu Narisu

Affiliation Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Matthias Nauck

Affiliations DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

Jennifer A. Nettleton

Affiliation Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America

Ilja M. Nolte

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

Albertine J. Oldehinkel

Affiliation Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

Matthias Olden

Affiliation Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

Ken K. Ong

Affiliation MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Sandosh Padmanabhan

Affiliations Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Lavinia Paternoster

Affiliation MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit & School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Jeremiah Perez

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Markus Perola

Affiliations National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health, Helsinki, Finland, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Centre, Tartu, Estonia

Annette Peters

Affiliations Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany

Ulrike Peters

Affiliation Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Patricia A. Peyser

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Inga Prokopenko

Affiliation Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Hannu Puolijoki

Affiliation South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland

Olli T. Raitakari

Affiliations Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

Tuomo Rankinen

Affiliation Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America

Laura J. Rasmussen-Torvik

Affiliation Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Rajesh Rawal

Affiliations Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany

Paul M. Ridker

Affiliations Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Lynda M. Rose

Affiliation Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Igor Rudan

Affiliation Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, Edinburgh, Scotland

Cinzia Sarti

Affiliation Social Services and Health Care Department, City of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Mark A. Sarzynski

Affiliation Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America

Kai Savonen

Affiliation Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland

William R. Scott

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Serena Sanna

Affiliation Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy

Alan R. Shuldiner

Affiliations Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Steve Sidney

Affiliation Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, United States of America

Günther Silbernagel

Affiliation Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University Graz, Austria

Blair H. Smith

Affiliations Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland

Jennifer A. Smith

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Harold Snieder

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

Alena Stančáková

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

Barbara Sternfeld

Affiliation Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, United States of America

Amy J. Swift

Affiliation Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Tuija Tammelin

Affiliation LIKES Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland

Sian-Tsung Tan

Affiliation National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom

Barbara Thorand

Affiliations Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany

Dorothée Thuillier

Affiliation University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France

Liesbeth Vandenput

Affiliation Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

Henrik Vestergaard

Affiliations Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark

Jana V. van Vliet-Ostaptchouk

Affiliation Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

Marie-Claude Vohl

Affiliations Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, Canada, School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec, Canada

Uwe Völker

Affiliations DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany

Gérard Waeber

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland

Mark Walker

Affiliation Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

Sarah Wild

Affiliation Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, Scotland

Andrew Wong

Affiliation MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom

Alan F. Wright

Affiliation MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

M. Carola Zillikens

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Niha Zubair

Affiliation Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Christopher A. Haiman

Affiliation Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Loic Lemarchand

Affiliation Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America

Ulf Gyllensten

Affiliation Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

Claes Ohlsson

Affiliation Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

Albert Hofman

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

Fernando Rivadeneira

Affiliations Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

André G. Uitterlinden

Affiliations Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Louis Pérusse

Affiliations Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, Canada, Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec, Canada

James F. Wilson

Affiliations MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, Edinburgh, Scotland

Caroline Hayward

Affiliation MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Ozren Polasek

Affiliations Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, Edinburgh, Scotland, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia

Francesco Cucca

Affiliations Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy

Kristian Hveem

Affiliation HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway

Catharina A. Hartman

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

Anke Tönjes

Affiliation University of Leipzig, Medical Department, Leipzig, Germany

Stefania Bandinelli

Affiliation Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze, Florence, Italy

Lyle J. Palmer

Affiliation School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

Sharon L. R. Kardia

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Rainer Rauramaa

Affiliations Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

Thorkild I. A. Sørensen

Affiliations Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit & School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark

Jaakko Tuomilehto

Affiliations National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health, Helsinki, Finland, Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria, Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Veikko Salomaa

Affiliation National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health, Helsinki, Finland

Brenda W. J. H. Penninx

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ InGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Eco J. C. de Geus

Affiliations Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, EMGO+ Institute, Vrije Universiteit & VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Dorret I. Boomsma

Affiliations Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, NCA Institute, VU University & VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Terho Lehtimäki

Affiliations Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland

Massimo Mangino

Affiliations Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom

Markku Laakso

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

Claude Bouchard

Affiliation Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America

Nicholas G. Martin

Affiliation Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia

Diana Kuh

Affiliation MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom

Yongmei Liu

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Allan Linneberg

Affiliations Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark, Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Winfried März

Affiliations Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, Synlab Academy, Synlab Services LLC, Mannheim, Germany, Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

Konstantin Strauch

Affiliations Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany

Mika Kivimäki

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Tamara B. Harris

Affiliation Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Vilmundur Gudnason

Affiliations Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

Henry Völzke

Affiliations Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

Lu Qi

Affiliation Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Marjo-Riitta Järvelin

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

John C. Chambers

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital HNS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom

Jaspal S. Kooner

Affiliations Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital HNS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom

Philippe Froguel

Affiliations University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom

Charles Kooperberg

Affiliation Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Peter Vollenweider

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland

Göran Hallmans

Affiliation Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

Torben Hansen

Affiliation Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Oluf Pedersen

Affiliation Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Andres Metspalu

Affiliation Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

Nicholas J. Wareham

Affiliation MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Claudia Langenberg

Affiliation MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

David R. Weir

Affiliation Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

David J. Porteous

Affiliations Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Eric Boerwinkle

Affiliation Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America

Daniel I. Chasman

Affiliations Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

CHARGE Consortium
EPIC-InterAct Consortium
PAGE Consortium

Membership is listed in the Supporting Information.

Gonçalo R. Abecasis

Affiliation Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Inês Barroso

Affiliations Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom, The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Mark I. McCarthy

Affiliations Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom

Timothy M. Frayling

Affiliation Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom

Jeffrey R. O’Connell

Affiliation Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Cornelia M. van Duijn

Affiliations Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands, Center of Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands

Michael Boehnke

Affiliation Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Iris M. Heid

Affiliation Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

Karen L. Mohlke

Affiliation Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

David P. Strachan

Affiliation Population Health Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom

Caroline S. Fox

Affiliation Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America

Ching-Ti Liu

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Joel N. Hirschhorn

Affiliations Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Robert J. Klein

Affiliation Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Andrew D. Johnson

Affiliations National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America, Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America

Ingrid B. Borecki

Affiliation Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Paul W. Franks

Affiliations Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden, Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

Kari E. North

Affiliation Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

L. Adrienne Cupples

Affiliations National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Ruth J. F. Loos

migraff@email.unc.edu (MG); ruth.loos@mssm.edu (RJFL); tuomas.kilpelainen@sund.ku.dk (TOK)

‡ These authors jointly supervised this work.

Affiliations MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen

migraff@email.unc.edu (MG); ruth.loos@mssm.edu (RJFL); tuomas.kilpelainen@sund.ku.dk (TOK)

‡ These authors jointly supervised this work.

Affiliations MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Competing Interests

We have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: Genotyping in the Ely and Fenland studies was supported in part by an MRC-GlaxoSmithKline pilot programme grant (G0701863). The RISC Study was supported in part by AstraZeneca. The D.E.S.I.R. study has been supported in part by INSERM contracts with Lilly, Novartis Pharma, Sanofi-Aventis, Ardix Medical, Bayer Diagnostics, Becton Dickinson, Cardionics, Merck Santé, Novo Nordisk, Pierre Fabre, Roche, and Topcon. In SHIP, genome-wide data have been supported in part by a joint grant from Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: TOK RJFL. Data curation: TOK LAC RJFL KLMon. Formal analysis: RAS KLY AEJ TWW AMa DHa NLHC JSN TSA LQ TW FRe MdH TOK QQ MG TSA LX AYC LAC MC RJFL MFF KEN JDE ADJ JEHa RJK. Investigation: AVS TBH GE LJL VG KEN MG AJ KLMon KLY EB PGL JBW NGM GWM DPS GC LJP JHua AWM ALJ JB MFo CBe HMS TR SSn BS YW JBB LSA ZK PMMV TC SBi GWi PV KKr ASH KHa SM VS MP JM IR CHup VV IK OPo LY DT BB MMar AB PF RRaw TAL PK MHo KSa RMag THal TEb AMa JL RAS SBr NJW JHZ RL SBu AD NA CMvD IBB MFF LB RJFL LX NLHC EL JP PJG CSF CTL LAC MB FSC KLMol RNB JT LK TEs HP CS HAK LFB SLRK MAJ PAP SA FRe IB GH PWF JE CO MLo AEJ JOJ TSA LPa GDS TIAS JEHu DJP SP LJH BHS SSa YCC MFu JRO ARS MHa MA AL HVe LQu THu QQ JAS JDF WZhan DRW KHv OLH AUJ LLB AJS KKv TTan DHe SBa MNH JMJ KF NG OPe TWW IMH MO CG HG AP KSt CHo CHut RRau BT MMN WZhao BL WRS STT JCC JSK MEK GED TBG GS JHui WM UL CHa LL LH KL AGB LJRT JAN YL MLa JK AS PSC NN WJP GvG YM BWJHP AMu CML MIM TTam JA MRJ LQi THan DK KKO AW ÅJ UG EJCdG MHMdM JJH DIB GWa PN AFW NDH SW HC JFW CBo MCV LPe DP MW TMF NVR MCZ FRi AH AGU JLBG SSi FB AMe GRA FC ATe HVo UV MD SG MN RMan IP ATo PJvdM JVvVO IMN HS AJO CAH MMan DIC AYC LMR PMR SBi NZ JG UP CK MKu MKi CL LPL NHK MJ MKä OTR TL. Supervision: GRA IB MB IBB CSF TMF IMH RJFL MIM KLMon KEN JRO DPS CMvD JNH. Writing – original draft: MG RAS AEJ KLY MFF LB LQu PWF RJFL TOK. Writing – review & editing: MG RAS AEJ KLY MFF TWW LB AYC AMa DHa LX TW NLHC TSA MdH QQ JSN FRe LQu JDE JEHa MC ZK EL JL JEHu WZhan WZhao PJG THal SA PMMV SBi LY ATe AVS MKu MNH JMJ MEK MHo NVR JBW JHZ HS LL CHup GWi WJP YW KKr AD KL YL MFo MHa LFB GC TTan RMag PJvdM AUJ JLBG VV JM PN CBe DP ÅJ SSn YCC JE UL MA LSA NA BB JA JB RNB AGB JB AB LLB JBB SBr FB SBu HC PSC FSC TC GDS GED ND MD TEb GE TEs JDF MFu KF CG SG JG PGL HG TBG NG GvG THu KHa NDH ASH DHe LH LJH OLH CHo JJH JHua THan JHui CHut NHK ALJ JOJ MAH MJ LK HAK IK PK JK KKv MKa TAL LJL BL CML MLo RL MMar YM KLMon GWM MHMdM AMu AMe RMan SM NN MN JAN IMN AJO MO KKO SP LPa JP MP AP UP PAP IP HP OTR TR LJRT RRaw PMR LMR IR CS MAS KSa WRS SSa ARS SSi GS BHS JAS HS AS BS AJS TTam STT BT DT LV HVe JVvVO MCV UV GWa MW SW AW AFW MCZ NZ CAHai LL UG CO AH FRi AGU LPe JFW CHa OPo FC KHv CAHar ATo SBa LJP SLRK RRau TIAS JT VS BWJHP EJCdG DIB TL MMan MLa CBo NGM DK AL WM KSt MKi TBH VG HVo LQi MRJ JCC JSK PF CK PV GH OPe NJW CL DRW DJP EB DIC GRA IB MIM TMF JRO CMvD MB IMH KLMol DPS CSF CTL JNH RJK ADJ IBB PWF KEN LAC RJFL TOK.