About the Authors

Maggie C. Y. Ng

Contributed equally to this work with: Maggie C. Y. Ng, Daniel Shriner

Affiliations Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Daniel Shriner

Contributed equally to this work with: Maggie C. Y. Ng, Daniel Shriner

Affiliation Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Brian H. Chen

Affiliations Program on Genomics and Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America, Center for Metabolic Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Jiang Li

Affiliation Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Wei-Min Chen

Affiliations Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America

Xiuqing Guo

Affiliation Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America

Jiankang Liu

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America

Suzette J. Bielinski

Affiliation Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America

Lisa R. Yanek

Affiliation The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Michael A. Nalls

Affiliation Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Mary E. Comeau

Affiliations Center for Public Health Genomics, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Laura J. Rasmussen-Torvik

Affiliation Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Richard A. Jensen

Affiliations Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Daniel S. Evans

Affiliation San Francisco Coordinating Center, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Yan V. Sun

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Ping An

Affiliation Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Sanjay R. Patel

Affiliation Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Yingchang Lu

Affiliations The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Jirong Long

Affiliation Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

Loren L. Armstrong

Affiliation Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Lynne Wagenknecht

Affiliation Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Lingyao Yang

Affiliation Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Beverly M. Snively

Affiliation Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Nicholette D. Palmer

Affiliations Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Poorva Mudgal

Affiliation Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Carl D. Langefeld

Affiliations Center for Public Health Genomics, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Keith L. Keene

Affiliation Department of Biology, Center for Health Disparities, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America

Barry I. Freedman

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Josyf C. Mychaleckyj

Affiliations Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America

Uma Nayak

Affiliations Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America

Leslie J. Raffel

Affiliation Medical Genetics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Mark O. Goodarzi

Affiliation Medical Genetics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Y-D Ida Chen

Affiliation Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America

Herman A. Taylor Jr.

Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America, Jackson State University, Tougaloo College, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America

Adolfo Correa

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America

Mario Sims

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America

David Couper

Affiliation Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

James S. Pankow

Affiliation Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America

Eric Boerwinkle

Affiliation Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America

Adebowale Adeyemo

Affiliation Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Ayo Doumatey

Affiliation Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Guanjie Chen

Affiliation Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Rasika A. Mathias

Affiliations The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Dhananjay Vaidya

Affiliations The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Andrew B. Singleton

Affiliation Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Alan B. Zonderman

Affiliation Laboratory of Personality and Cognition, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Robert P. Igo Jr.

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

John R. Sedor

Affiliations Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, MetroHealth System campus, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

the FIND Consortium

‡ Membership of the FIND Consortium, the eMERGE Consortium, the DIAGRAM Consortium, and the MuTHER Consortium is provided in the Acknowledgments.

Edmond K. Kabagambe

Affiliation Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

David S. Siscovick

Affiliations Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Barbara McKnight

Affiliations Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Kenneth Rice

Affiliations Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Yongmei Liu

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Wen-Chi Hsueh

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Wei Zhao

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Lawrence F. Bielak

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Aldi Kraja

Affiliation Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Michael A. Province

Affiliation Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Erwin P. Bottinger

Affiliation The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Omri Gottesman

Affiliation The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Qiuyin Cai

Affiliation Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

Wei Zheng

Affiliation Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

William J. Blot

Affiliation Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

William L. Lowe

Affiliation Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Jennifer A. Pacheco

Affiliation Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Dana C. Crawford

Affiliation Center for Human Genetics Research and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

the eMERGE Consortium

‡ Membership of the FIND Consortium, the eMERGE Consortium, the DIAGRAM Consortium, and the MuTHER Consortium is provided in the Acknowledgments.

the DIAGRAM Consortium

‡ Membership of the FIND Consortium, the eMERGE Consortium, the DIAGRAM Consortium, and the MuTHER Consortium is provided in the Acknowledgments.

Elin Grundberg

Affiliation Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

the MuTHER Consortium

‡ Membership of the FIND Consortium, the eMERGE Consortium, the DIAGRAM Consortium, and the MuTHER Consortium is provided in the Acknowledgments.

Stephen S. Rich

Affiliation Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America

M. Geoffrey Hayes

Affiliation Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Xiao-Ou Shu

Affiliation Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

Ruth J. F. Loos

Affiliations The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Ingrid B. Borecki

Affiliation Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Patricia A. Peyser

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Steven R. Cummings

Affiliation San Francisco Coordinating Center, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Bruce M. Psaty

Affiliations Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Myriam Fornage

Affiliation Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America

Sudha K. Iyengar

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Michele K. Evans

Affiliation Health Disparities Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore Maryland, United States of America

Diane M. Becker

Affiliations The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

W. H. Linda Kao

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

James G. Wilson

Affiliation Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America

Jerome I. Rotter

Affiliation Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America

Michèle M. Sale

Affiliations Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America

Simin Liu

simin_liu@brown.edu (SL); rotimic@mail.nih.gov (CNR); dbowden@wakehealth.edu (DWB)

SL, CNR and DWB are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliations Program on Genomics and Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America, Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America

Charles N. Rotimi

simin_liu@brown.edu (SL); rotimic@mail.nih.gov (CNR); dbowden@wakehealth.edu (DWB)

SL, CNR and DWB are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliation Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Donald W. Bowden

simin_liu@brown.edu (SL); rotimic@mail.nih.gov (CNR); dbowden@wakehealth.edu (DWB)

SL, CNR and DWB are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliations Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

for the MEta-analysis of type 2 DIabetes in African Americans (MEDIA) Consortium

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MCYN DS XG JLiu LRY MAN LJRT YVS SRP LW BMS CDL KLK BIF LJR HAT DC JSP EB AA GC ABS ABZ EKK DSS YLi LFB MAP EPB OG QC WZhe WJB WLL DCC SSR MGH XOS RJFL IBB PAP SRC BMP MF MKE DMB WHLK JGW JIR MMS SL CNR DWB. Performed the experiments: MAN NDP AA AD ABS YLi EPB JIR. Analyzed the data: MCYN DS BHC JLi WMC XG JLiu LRY MAN MEC RAJ DSE YVS PA SRP YLu JLo LLA LY BMS NDP PM CDL RAM DV ABS BM KR WCH WZha AK OG JAP EG MGH RJFL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SJB LW BIF JCM UN LJR MOG YDIC HAT AC MS DC AA AD ABZ RPI JRS LFB EPB QC WZhe WLL DCC XOS PAP BMP SKI MKE JGW JIR MMS SL CNR DWB. Wrote the paper: MCYN DS.