About the Authors

Lea K. Davis

lea.k.davis@gmail.com (LKD); jscharf@partners.org (JMS)

Affiliation Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Dongmei Yu

Affiliations Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Clare L. Keenan

Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America, Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Eric R. Gamazon

Affiliation Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Anuar I. Konkashbaev

Affiliation Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Eske M. Derks

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Benjamin M. Neale

Affiliations Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jian Yang

Affiliations The University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Queensland, Australia, The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Queensland, Australia

S. Hong Lee

Affiliation The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Queensland, Australia

Patrick Evans

Affiliation Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Cathy L. Barr

Affiliations The Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Laura Bellodi

Affiliation Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy

Fortu Benarroch

Affiliation Herman Dana Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel

Gabriel Bedoya Berrio

Affiliation Universidad de Antioquia, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia

Oscar J. Bienvenu

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Michael H. Bloch

Affiliations Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Rianne M. Blom

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Ruth D. Bruun

Affiliations North Shore-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, New York, United States of America, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America

Cathy L. Budman

Affiliations North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America, Hofstra University School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, United States of America

Beatriz Camarena

Affiliation Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramon de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico

Desmond Campbell

Affiliations University College London, London, United Kingdom, Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Carolina Cappi

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil

Julio C. Cardona Silgado

Affiliation Universidad de Antioquia, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia

Danielle C. Cath

Affiliations Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Clinical & Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands, Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Maria C. Cavallini

Affiliation Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy

Denise A. Chavira

Affiliations Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America, Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Sylvain Chouinard

Affiliation University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

David V. Conti

Affiliation Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Edwin H. Cook

Affiliation Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Vladimir Coric

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Bernadette A. Cullen

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Dieter Deforce

Affiliation Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Richard Delorme

Affiliations Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Fondation Fondamental, French National Science Foundation, Creteil, France, AP-HP, Robert Debré Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Paris, France

Yves Dion

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Christopher K. Edlund

Affiliation Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Karin Egberts

Affiliation Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

Peter Falkai

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Munich, Munich, Germany

Thomas V. Fernandez

Affiliations Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Patience J. Gallagher

Affiliation Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Helena Garrido

Affiliation Clinica Herrera Amighetti, Avenida Escazú, San José, Costa Rica

Daniel Geller

Affiliation OCD Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Simon L. Girard

Affiliation University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Hans J. Grabe

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Helios-Hospital Stralsund, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

Marco A. Grados

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Benjamin D. Greenberg

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America

Varda Gross-Tsur

Affiliation Neuropediatric Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel

Stephen Haddad

Affiliation Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Gary A. Heiman

Affiliation Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America

Sian M. J. Hemmings

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa

Ana G. Hounie

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Säo Paulo, Brazil

Cornelia Illmann

Affiliation Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Joseph Jankovic

Affiliation Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America

Michael A. Jenike

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

James L. Kennedy

Affiliations Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Robert A. King

Affiliation Yale Child Study Center, Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Barbara Kremeyer

Affiliation University College London, London, United Kingdom

Roger Kurlan

Affiliation Atlantic Neuroscience Institute, Overlook Hospital, Summit, New Jersey, United States of America

Nuria Lanzagorta

Affiliation Carracci Medical Group, Mexico City, Mexico

Marion Leboyer

Affiliations Fondation Fondamental, French National Science Foundation, Creteil, France, AP-HP, Robert Debré Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Paris, France, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Psychiatric Genetics, Créteil, France

James F. Leckman

Affiliation Child Study Center, Psychiatry, Pediatrics and Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Leonhard Lennertz

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

Chunyu Liu

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Christine Lochner

Affiliation MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa

Thomas L. Lowe

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Fabio Macciardi

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, United States of America

James T. McCracken

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, United States of America

Lauren M. McGrath

Affiliation Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Sandra C. Mesa Restrepo

Affiliation Universidad de Antioquia, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia

Rainald Moessner

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

Jubel Morgan

Affiliation University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America

Heike Muller

Affiliation University College London, London, United Kingdom

Dennis L. Murphy

Affiliation Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Allan L. Naarden

Affiliation Department of Clinical Research, Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas, Texas, United States of America

William Cornejo Ochoa

Affiliation Universidad de Antioquia, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia

Roel A. Ophoff

Affiliations Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Lisa Osiecki

Affiliation Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Andrew J. Pakstis

Affiliation Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Michele T. Pato

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Carlos N. Pato

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

John Piacentini

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Christopher Pittenger

Affiliation Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and the Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Yehuda Pollak

Affiliation Neuropediatric Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel

Scott L. Rauch

Affiliation Partners Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Tobias J. Renner

Affiliation Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

Victor I. Reus

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Margaret A. Richter

Affiliations Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Frederick W. Thompson Anxiety Disorders Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Mark A. Riddle

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Mary M. Robertson

Affiliations University College London, London, United Kingdom, St George's Hospital and Medical School, London, United Kingdom

Roxana Romero

Affiliation Hospital Nacional de Niños, San Jose, Costa Rica

Maria C. Rosàrio

Affiliation Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit (UPIA), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

David Rosenberg

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University and the Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America

Guy A. Rouleau

Affiliation Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Stephan Ruhrmann

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

Andres Ruiz-Linares

Affiliation University College London, London, United Kingdom

Aline S. Sampaio

Affiliations Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Säo Paulo, Brazil, University Health Care Services - SMURB, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Jack Samuels

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Paul Sandor

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and University Health Network, Toronto Western Research Institute and Youthdale Treatment Centers, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Brooke Sheppard

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Harvey S. Singer

Affiliation Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Jan H. Smit

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Dan J. Stein

Affiliation University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

E. Strengman

Affiliation Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Jay A. Tischfield

Affiliation Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America

Ana V. Valencia Duarte

Affiliation Universidad de Antioquia, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia

Homero Vallada

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil

Filip Van Nieuwerburgh

Affiliation Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele

Affiliation Departments of Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Pharmacology, Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, and Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

Susanne Walitza

Affiliations Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

Ying Wang

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Jens R. Wendland

Affiliation Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Herman G. M. Westenberg

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center and Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (NIN-KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Yin Yao Shugart

Affiliation Unit on Statistical Genomics, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Euripedes C. Miguel

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil

William McMahon

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America

Michael Wagner

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

Humberto Nicolini

Affiliation National Institute of Genomic Medicine-SAP, Carracci Medical Group, Mexico City, Mexico

Danielle Posthuma

Affiliations Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Centre, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Gregory L. Hanna

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Peter Heutink

Affiliations Section of Medical Genomics, Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany

Damiaan Denys

Affiliations Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (NIN-KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Paul D. Arnold

Affiliations Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Ben A. Oostra

Affiliation Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Gerald Nestadt

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Nelson B. Freimer

Affiliation Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

David L. Pauls

Affiliation Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Naomi R. Wray

Affiliation The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Queensland, Australia

S. Evelyn Stewart

Contributed equally to this work with: S. Evelyn Stewart, Carol A. Mathews, James A. Knowles, Nancy J. Cox, Jeremiah M. Scharf

Affiliations Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, British Columbia Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Carol A. Mathews

Contributed equally to this work with: S. Evelyn Stewart, Carol A. Mathews, James A. Knowles, Nancy J. Cox, Jeremiah M. Scharf

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

James A. Knowles

Contributed equally to this work with: S. Evelyn Stewart, Carol A. Mathews, James A. Knowles, Nancy J. Cox, Jeremiah M. Scharf

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Nancy J. Cox

Contributed equally to this work with: S. Evelyn Stewart, Carol A. Mathews, James A. Knowles, Nancy J. Cox, Jeremiah M. Scharf

Affiliation Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Jeremiah M. Scharf

Contributed equally to this work with: S. Evelyn Stewart, Carol A. Mathews, James A. Knowles, Nancy J. Cox, Jeremiah M. Scharf

lea.k.davis@gmail.com (LKD); jscharf@partners.org (JMS)

Affiliations Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The following authors have read the journal's policy and have the following conflicts: CLBu: Currently receiving funding for TS clinical trials from Otsuka Pharmaceutical, JFL: recevies research support from NIH and Grifols, LLC as well royalties from John Wiley and Sons, McGraw Hill, and Oxford University Press, MARic: received honoraria from Lundbeck, and research funding from Great-West Life Assurance Company of Canada and Eli Lilly Canada Ltd, MCR: grant from CNPq (Brazilian National Counsil) and has received research grants and/or consultancy honoraria from Novartis and Shire, DR: received consulting fees for Shire, JMS: received research support, honoraria and travel support from the Tourette Syndrome Association (TSA), DJS: received research grants and/or consultancy honoraria from Abbott, Astrazeneca, Biocodex, Eli-Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Johnson & Johnson, Lundbeck, Orion, Pfizer, Pharmacia, Roche, Servier, Solvay, Sumitomo, Takeda, Tikvah, and Wyeth, TVF: received research funding from NIMH (K08 MH099424-01), the Simons Foundation, Allison Foundation, and Shire, PS: received research support for this study from the Tourette Syndrome Association (TSA), Tourette Syndrome Foundation of Canada and NIH, DY: received research support from the Tourette Syndrome Association (TSA) and NIH, MMR: received grants from the Tourette's Action-UK, TSA-USA, honoraria from Janssen-Cilag, and book royalties from Wiley - Blackwell, David Fulton/Granada/Taylor Francis, Oxford University Press and Jessica Kingsley Publishers, is a Patron of Tourette's Action (UK), sits on the Medical Advisory Board of the Italian Tourette Syndrome Association and The Tourette Syndrome Foundation of Canada, DAC: NIH/NIMH funding for K01 MH072952 and R34 MH090149, SLR: participated in research funded by Medtronic and Cyberonics, JRW: Past employee of F. Hoffmann-La Roche and current employee of Pfizer, SW: received lecture honoraria from Janssen Cilag, AstraZeneca and Eli Lilly, research funds Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, EU FP7, HSM Hochspezialisierte Medizin of the Kanton Zurich, Switzerland, JV: funding from Seaside Therapeutics, Novartis, Roche Pharmaceuticals, Forest, and SynapDx. Consulting/Advisory Board for Novartis, JTM: Tourette Syndrome Association-Speaker honoraria; Otuska-research grant; Roche-consultant; 1R01MH079487-01A1, JLK: honoraria from Roche, Eli Lilly, and Novartis, PDA: Unrestricted research grant from DNA Genotek SLG, HJG, ML, DLP, SES, NL, JHS, CLBa, LB, FB, GBB, OJB, MHB, RMB, RDB, DC, CC, JCCS, DCC, MCC, SC, DVC, EHC, VC, NJC, BAC, LKD, DDen, DDef, RD, EMD, YD, CKE, KE, PF, NBF, PJG, ERG, HG, MAG, BDG, VGT, SH, GLH, GAH, SMJH, PH, AGH, CI, JJ, MAJ, CLK, RAK, JAK, AIK, BK, RK, SHL, LL, CLi, CLo, TLL, FM, CAM, LMM, WM, SCMR, ECM, RM, JM, HM, DLM, ALN, BMN, GN, HN, WCO, BAO, RAO, LO, AJP, MTP, CNP, CP, YP, DP, TJR, VIR, MARid, GAR, SR, ARL, ASS, JS, BS, HSS, ES, JAT, AVVD, HV, MW, YW, JY, HGMW, PE, BC, RR have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

† Deceased

Conceived and designed the experiments: LKD DY EMD BMN SES CAM JAK NJC JMS. Performed the experiments: LKD DY CLK ERG AIK. Analyzed the data: LKD DY EMD BMN JY SHL NRW SES CAM JAK NJC JMS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JY SHL NRW SES CAM JAK NJC JMS. Wrote the paper: LKD DY EMD BMN SES CAM JAK NJC JMS. Generated eQTL Data: CLi. Generated imputation data: CKE DVC. Recruited patient samples, clinical evaluation of participating subjects, genotyping, provided critical edits of manuscript: PDA CLBa LB FB GBB OJB MHB RMB RDB CLBu BC DC CC JCCS DCC MCC DAC SC DVC EHC VC BAC DDen DDef RD YD CKE KE PE PF TVF NBF PJG HG DG SLG HJG MAG BDG VGT SH GLH GAH PH SMJH AGH CI JJ MAJ JLK RAK BK RK NL ML JFL LL CLi CLo TLL FM JTM LMM ECM SCMR RM JM HM WM DLM GN HN ALN BAO WCO RAO LO DLP AJP MTP JP CAM CNP CP DP YP SLR TJR VIR MARid MARic MMR RR MCR DR GAR SR ARL ASS JS PS BS HSS JHS DJS ES JAT AVVD HV FVN JVV MW SW YW JRW HGMW YYS.