About the Authors

Sammy Wambua

Affiliation Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi District Hospital, Kilifi, Kenya

Tabitha W Mwangi

Affiliation Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi District Hospital, Kilifi, Kenya

Moses Kortok

Affiliation Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi District Hospital, Kilifi, Kenya

Sophie M Uyoga

Affiliation Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi District Hospital, Kilifi, Kenya

Alex W Macharia

Affiliation Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi District Hospital, Kilifi, Kenya

Jedidah K Mwacharo

Affiliation Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi District Hospital, Kilifi, Kenya

David J Weatherall

Affiliation Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Robert W Snow

Affiliations Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi District Hospital, Kilifi, Kenya , Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Kevin Marsh

Affiliations Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi District Hospital, Kilifi, Kenya , Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Thomas N Williams

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: twilliams@kilifi.mimcom.net

Affiliations Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi District Hospital, Kilifi, Kenya , Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom , Department of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

The study was designed by TWM, KM, and TNW. The studies were coordinated by TWM, RWS, and TNW. Sample collection and analysis was coordinated by SW and MK with help from SMU, AWM, and JKM. The data were analyzed by TNW with help from SW. SW, DJW, and TNW wrote the first draft, and the manuscript was finalized with input from all authors.