August 2014

Nuclei are blue (using DAPI) and actin yellow (using phalloidin). The parasite's syncytial body surface (tegument) and gut lining epithelium are green. Nutrients are acquired across both surfaces, ingested host blood being broken down in the gut and nutrients absorbed from the lumen. The flattened body shape and the distance of many tissues from the gut emphasize the importance of the male tegument in nutrient uptake whereas the cylindrical female has a greater reliance on the gut for nutrition. See Skelly et al.

Image Credit: R. Alan Wilson

Opinion

Why Sexually Transmitted Infections Tend to Cause Infertility: An Evolutionary Hypothesis

Péter Apari, João Dinis de Sousa, Viktor Müller

PLOS Pathogens: published August 7, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004111

Pearls

Disruption of Fas-Fas Ligand Signaling, Apoptosis, and Innate Immunity by Bacterial Pathogens

Adam J. Caulfield, Wyndham W. Lathem

PLOS Pathogens: published August 7, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004252

Why HIV Virions Have Low Numbers of Envelope Spikes: Implications for Vaccine Development

John Schiller, Bryce Chackerian

PLOS Pathogens: published August 7, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004254

Hell's BELs: Bacterial E3 Ligases That Exploit the Eukaryotic Ubiquitin Machinery

Jon Huibregtse, John R. Rohde

PLOS Pathogens: published August 14, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004255

Candida albicans Pathogenicity and Epithelial Immunity

Julian R. Naglik, Jonathan P. Richardson, David L. Moyes

PLOS Pathogens: published August 14, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004257

Mother–Infant HIV Transmission: Do Maternal HIV-Specific Antibodies Protect the Infant?

Julie Overbaugh

PLOS Pathogens: published August 21, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004283

From Dandruff to Deep-Sea Vents: Malassezia-like Fungi Are Ecologically Hyper-diverse

Anthony Amend

PLOS Pathogens: published August 21, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004277

Parasite Extracellular Vesicles: Mediators of Intercellular Communication

Olivia Twu, Patricia J. Johnson

PLOS Pathogens: published August 28, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004289

Regulatory RNAs Involved in Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance

David Lalaouna, Alex Eyraud, Svetlana Chabelskaya, Brice Felden, Eric Massé

PLOS Pathogens: published August 28, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004299

Reviews

Schistosome Feeding and Regurgitation

Patrick J. Skelly, Akram A. Da'dara, Xiao-Hong Li, William Castro-Borges, R. Alan Wilson

PLOS Pathogens: published August 14, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004246

Host Responses to Group A Streptococcus: Cell Death and Inflammation

James A. Tsatsaronis, Mark J. Walker, Martina L. Sanderson-Smith

PLOS Pathogens: published August 28, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004266

Research Articles

Capsid Protein VP4 of Human Rhinovirus Induces Membrane Permeability by the Formation of a Size-Selective Multimeric Pore

Anusha Panjwani, Mike Strauss, Sarah Gold, Hannah Wenham, Terry Jackson, James J. Chou, David J. Rowlands, Nicola J. Stonehouse, James M. Hogle, Tobias J. Tuthill

PLOS Pathogens: published August 7, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004294

Virus-Specific Regulatory T Cells Ameliorate Encephalitis by Repressing Effector T Cell Functions from Priming to Effector Stages

Jingxian Zhao, Jincun Zhao, Stanley Perlman

PLOS Pathogens: published August 7, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004279

Cyclic di-GMP-dependent Signaling Pathways in the Pathogenic Firmicute Listeria monocytogenes

Li-Hong Chen, Volkan K. Köseoğlu, Zehra T. Güvener, Tanya Myers-Morales, Joseph M. Reed, Sarah E. F. D'Orazio, Kurt W. Miller, Mark Gomelsky

PLOS Pathogens: published August 7, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004301

The Murine Gammaherpesvirus Immediate-Early Rta Synergizes with IRF4, Targeting Expression of the Viral M1 Superantigen to Plasma Cells

Brigid M. O'Flaherty, Tanushree Soni, Brian S. Wakeman, Samuel H. Speck

PLOS Pathogens: published August 7, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004302

The Vi Capsular Polysaccharide Enables Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi to Evade Microbe-Guided Neutrophil Chemotaxis

Tamding Wangdi, Cheng-Yuk Lee, Alanna M. Spees, Chenzhou Yu, Dawn D. Kingsbury, Sebastian E. Winter, Christine J. Hastey, R. Paul Wilson, Volkmar Heinrich, Andreas J. Bäumler

PLOS Pathogens: published August 7, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004306

A Tick Gut Protein with Fibronectin III Domains Aids Borrelia burgdorferi Congregation to the Gut during Transmission

Sukanya Narasimhan, Jeroen Coumou, Tim J. Schuijt, Eric Boder, Joppe W. Hovius, Erol Fikrig

PLOS Pathogens: published August 7, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004278

The HIV-1 Envelope Transmembrane Domain Binds TLR2 through a Distinct Dimerization Motif and Inhibits TLR2-Mediated Responses

Eliran Moshe Reuven, Mohammad Ali, Etai Rotem, Roland Schwarzter, Andrea Gramatica, Anthony H. Futerman, Yechiel Shai

PLOS Pathogens: published August 14, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004248

Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Impair the Elimination of HIV-Infected Cells by Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes

Richard Brad Jones, Rachel O'Connor, Stefanie Mueller, Maria Foley, Gregory L. Szeto, Dan Karel, Mathias Lichterfeld, Colin Kovacs, Mario A. Ostrowski, Alicja Trocha, Darrell J. Irvine, Bruce D. Walker

PLOS Pathogens: published August 14, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004287

Inhibition of the TRAIL Death Receptor by CMV Reveals Its Importance in NK Cell-Mediated Antiviral Defense

Shilpi Verma, Andrea Loewendorf, Qiao Wang, Bryan McDonald, Alec Redwood, Chris A. Benedict

PLOS Pathogens: published August 14, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004268

EBNA3C Augments Pim-1 Mediated Phosphorylation and Degradation of p21 to Promote B-Cell Proliferation

Shuvomoy Banerjee, Jie Lu, Qiliang Cai, Zhiguo Sun, Hem Chandra Jha, Erle S. Robertson

PLOS Pathogens: published August 14, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004304

Non-random Escape Pathways from a Broadly Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Map to a Highly Conserved Region on the Hepatitis C Virus E2 Glycoprotein Encompassing Amino Acids 412–423

Zhen-yong Keck, Allan G. N. Angus, Wenyan Wang, Patrick Lau, Yong Wang, Derek Gatherer, Arvind H. Patel, Steven K. H. Foung

PLOS Pathogens: published August 14, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004297

Diverse Host-Seeking Behaviors of Skin-Penetrating Nematodes

Michelle L. Castelletto, Spencer S. Gang, Ryo P. Okubo, Anastassia A. Tselikova, Thomas J. Nolan, Edward G. Platzer, James B. Lok, Elissa A. Hallem

PLOS Pathogens: published August 14, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004305

Distinct APC Subtypes Drive Spatially Segregated CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-Cell Effector Activity during Skin Infection with HSV-1

Bethany L. Macleod, Sammy Bedoui, Jyh Liang Hor, Scott N. Mueller, Tiffany A. Russell, Natasha A. Hollett, William R. Heath, David C. Tscharke, Andrew G. Brooks, Thomas Gebhardt

PLOS Pathogens: published August 14, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004303

Strain-Specific Properties and T Cells Regulate the Susceptibility to Papilloma Induction by Mus musculus Papillomavirus 1

Alessandra Handisurya, Patricia M. Day, Cynthia D. Thompson, Michael Bonelli, Douglas R. Lowy, John T. Schiller

PLOS Pathogens: published August 14, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004314

EVM005: An Ectromelia-Encoded Protein with Dual Roles in NF-κB Inhibition and Virulence

Nicholas van Buuren, Kristin Burles, Jill Schriewer, Ninad Mehta, Scott Parker, R. Mark Buller, Michele Barry

PLOS Pathogens: published August 14, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004326

Infection with MERS-CoV Causes Lethal Pneumonia in the Common Marmoset

Darryl Falzarano, Emmie de Wit, Friederike Feldmann, Angela L. Rasmussen, Atsushi Okumura, Xinxia Peng, Matthew J. Thomas, Neeltje van Doremalen, Elaine Haddock, Lee Nagy, Rachel LaCasse, Tingting Liu, Jiang Zhu, Jason S. McLellan, Dana P. Scott, Michael G. Katze, Heinz Feldmann, Vincent J. Munster

PLOS Pathogens: published August 21, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004250

Ly6C^hi Monocyte Recruitment Is Responsible for Th2 Associated Host-Protective Macrophage Accumulation in Liver Inflammation due to Schistosomiasis

Marcia Nascimento, Stanley C. Huang, Amber Smith, Bart Everts, Wing Lam, Elizabeth Bassity, Emmanuel L. Gautier, Gwendalyn J. Randolph, Edward J. Pearce

PLOS Pathogens: published August 21, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004282

Cryptococcus gattii VGIII Isolates Causing Infections in HIV/AIDS Patients in Southern California: Identification of the Local Environmental Source as Arboreal

Deborah J. Springer, R. Blake Billmyre, Elan E. Filler, Kerstin Voelz, Rhiannon Pursall, Piotr A. Mieczkowski, Robert A. Larsen, Fred S. Dietrich, Robin C. May, Scott G. Filler, Joseph Heitman

PLOS Pathogens: published August 21, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004285

Structure of CfaA Suggests a New Family of Chaperones Essential for Assembly of Class 5 Fimbriae

Rui Bao, April Fordyce, Yu-Xing Chen, Annette McVeigh, Stephen J. Savarino, Di Xia

PLOS Pathogens: published August 14, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004316

The PDZ-Binding Motif of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Envelope Protein Is a Determinant of Viral Pathogenesis

Jose M. Jimenez-Guardeño, Jose L. Nieto-Torres, Marta L. DeDiego, Jose A. Regla-Nava, Raul Fernandez-Delgado, Carlos Castaño-Rodriguez, Luis Enjuanes

PLOS Pathogens: published August 14, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004320

Production of an Attenuated Phenol-Soluble Modulin Variant Unique to the MRSA Clonal Complex 30 Increases Severity of Bloodstream Infection

Gordon Y. C. Cheung, Dorothee Kretschmer, Anthony C. Duong, Anthony J. Yeh, Trung V. Ho, Yan Chen, Hwang-Soo Joo, Barry N. Kreiswirth, Andreas Peschel, Michael Otto

PLOS Pathogens: published August 21, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004298

Characterization of an Insecticidal Toxin and Pathogenicity of Pseudomonas taiwanensis against Insects

Wen-Jen Chen, Feng-Chia Hsieh, Fu-Chiun Hsu, Yi-Fang Tasy, Je-Ruei Liu, Ming-Che Shih

PLOS Pathogens: published August 21, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004288

Determinants of Influenza Transmission in South East Asia: Insights from a Household Cohort Study in Vietnam

Simon Cauchemez, Neil M. Ferguson, Annette Fox, Le Quynh Mai, Le Thi Thanh, Pham Quang Thai, Dang Dinh Thoang, Tran Nhu Duong, Le Nguyen Minh Hoa, Nguyen Tran Hien, Peter Horby

PLOS Pathogens: published August 21, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004310

On the Front Line: Quantitative Virus Dynamics in Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) Colonies along a New Expansion Front of the Parasite Varroa destructor

Fanny Mondet, Joachim R. de Miranda, Andre Kretzschmar, Yves Le Conte, Alison R. Mercer

PLOS Pathogens: published August 21, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004323

Assembly and Architecture of the EBV B Cell Entry Triggering Complex

Karthik Sathiyamoorthy, Jiansen Jiang, Yao Xiong Hu, Cynthia L. Rowe, Britta S. Möhl, Jia Chen, Wei Jiang, Elizabeth D. Mellins, Richard Longnecker, Z. Hong Zhou, Theodore S. Jardetzky

PLOS Pathogens: published August 21, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004309

Identification of Anti-virulence Compounds That Disrupt Quorum-Sensing Regulated Acute and Persistent Pathogenicity

Melissa Starkey, Francois Lepine, Damien Maura, Arunava Bandyopadhaya, Biljana Lesic, Jianxin He, Tomoe Kitao, Valeria Righi, Sylvain Milot, Aria Tzika, Laurence Rahme

PLOS Pathogens: published August 21, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004321

NLR-Associating Transcription Factor bHLH84 and Its Paralogs Function Redundantly in Plant Immunity

Fang Xu, Paul Kapos, Yu Ti Cheng, Meng Li, Yuelin Zhang, Xin Li

PLOS Pathogens: published August 21, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004312

Cooperation between Epstein-Barr Virus Immune Evasion Proteins Spreads Protection from CD8⁺ T Cell Recognition across All Three Phases of the Lytic Cycle

Laura L. Quinn, Jianmin Zuo, Rachel J. M. Abbott, Claire Shannon-Lowe, Rosemary J. Tierney, Andrew D. Hislop, Martin Rowe

PLOS Pathogens: published August 21, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004322

Late Engagement of CD86 after Influenza Virus Clearance Promotes Recovery in a FoxP3⁺ Regulatory T Cell Dependent Manner

Emily K. Moser, Matthew M. Hufford, Thomas J. Braciale

PLOS Pathogens: published August 21, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004315

RC1339/APRc from Rickettsia conorii Is a Novel Aspartic Protease with Properties of Retropepsin-Like Enzymes

Rui Cruz, Pitter Huesgen, Sean P. Riley, Alexander Wlodawer, Carlos Faro, Christopher M. Overall, Juan J. Martinez, Isaura Simões

PLOS Pathogens: published August 21, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004324

A Locus Encompassing the Epstein-Barr Virus bglf4 Kinase Regulates Expression of Genes Encoding Viral Structural Proteins

Ayman El-Guindy, Francesc Lopez-Giraldez, Henri-Jacques Delecluse, Jessica McKenzie, George Miller

PLOS Pathogens: published August 28, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004307

Neutrophil Elastase Causes Tissue Damage That Decreases Host Tolerance to Lung Infection with Burkholderia Species

Manoranjan Sahoo, Laura del Barrio, Mark A. Miller, Fabio Re

PLOS Pathogens: published August 28, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004327

Limited HIV Infection of Central Memory and Stem Cell Memory CD4+ T Cells Is Associated with Lack of Progression in Viremic Individuals

Nichole R. Klatt, Steven E. Bosinger, Melicent Peck, Laura E. Richert-Spuhler, Anke Heigele, Jillian P. Gile, Nirav Patel, Jessica Taaffe, Boris Julg, David Camerini, Carlo Torti, Jeffrey N. Martin, Steven G. Deeks, Elizabeth Sinclair, Frederick M. Hecht, Michael M. Lederman, Mirko Paiardini, Frank Kirchhoff, Jason M. Brenchley, Peter W. Hunt, Guido Silvestri

PLOS Pathogens: published August 28, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004345

TLR2 Signaling Decreases Transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Limiting Bacterial Shedding in an Infant Mouse Influenza A Co-infection Model

Aimee L. Richard, Steven J. Siegel, Jan Erikson, Jeffrey N. Weiser

PLOS Pathogens: published August 28, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004339

Early Mucosal Sensing of SIV Infection by Paneth Cells Induces IL-1β Production and Initiates Gut Epithelial Disruption

Lauren A. Hirao, Irina Grishina, Olivier Bourry, William K. Hu, Monsicha Somrit, Sumathi Sankaran-Walters, Chris A. Gaulke, Anne N. Fenton, Jay A. Li, Robert W. Crawford, Frank Chuang, Ross Tarara, Maria L. Marco, Andreas J. Bäumler, Holland Cheng, Satya Dandekar

PLOS Pathogens: published August 28, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004311

Adoptive Transfer of EBV Specific CD8⁺ T Cell Clones Can Transiently Control EBV Infection in Humanized Mice

Olga Antsiferova, Anne Müller, Patrick C. Rämer, Obinna Chijioke, Bithi Chatterjee, Ana Raykova, Raquel Planas, Mireia Sospedra, Anatoliy Shumilov, Ming-Han Tsai, Henri-Jacques Delecluse, Christian Münz

PLOS Pathogens: published August 28, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004333

HIV-1 Receptor Binding Site-Directed Antibodies Using a VH1-2 Gene Segment Orthologue Are Activated by Env Trimer Immunization

Marjon Navis, Karen Tran, Shridhar Bale, Ganesh E. Phad, Javier Guenaga, Richard Wilson, Martina Soldemo, Krisha McKee, Christopher Sundling, John Mascola, Yuxing Li, Richard T. Wyatt, Gunilla B. Karlsson Hedestam

PLOS Pathogens: published August 28, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004337

Rabies Virus Hijacks and Accelerates the p75NTR Retrograde Axonal Transport Machinery

Shani Gluska, Eitan Erez Zahavi, Michael Chein, Tal Gradus, Anja Bauer, Stefan Finke, Eran Perlson

PLOS Pathogens: published August 28, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004348

Human Cytomegalovirus pUL79 Is an Elongation Factor of RNA Polymerase II for Viral Gene Transcription

Yi-Chieh Perng, Jessica A. Campbell, Deborah J. Lenschow, Dong Yu

PLOS Pathogens: published August 28, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004350

A Cysteine Protease Inhibitor of Plasmodium berghei Is Essential for Exo-erythrocytic Development

Christine Lehmann, Anna Heitmann, Satish Mishra, Paul-Christian Burda, Mirko Singer, Monica Prado, Livia Niklaus, Céline Lacroix, Robert Ménard, Friedrich Frischknecht, Rebecca Stanway, Photini Sinnis, Volker Heussler

PLOS Pathogens: published August 28, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004336

The GAP Activity of Type III Effector YopE Triggers Killing of Yersinia in Macrophages

Xiaoying Wang, Kaustubh Parashar, Ananya Sitaram, James B. Bliska

PLOS Pathogens: published August 28, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004346

A Novel Signal Transduction Pathway that Modulates rhl Quorum Sensing and Bacterial Virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Qiao Cao, Yue Wang, Feifei Chen, Yongjie Xia, Jingyu Lou, Xue Zhang, Nana Yang, Xiaoxu Sun, Qin Zhang, Chao Zhuo, Xi Huang, Xin Deng, Cai-Guang Yang, Yan Ye, Jing Zhao, Min Wu, Lefu Lan

PLOS Pathogens: published August 28, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004340

P. aeruginosa SGNH Hydrolase-Like Proteins AlgJ and AlgX Have Similar Topology but Separate and Distinct Roles in Alginate Acetylation

Perrin Baker, Tyler Ricer, Patrick J. Moynihan, Elena N. Kitova, Marthe T. C. Walvoort, Dustin J. Little, John C. Whitney, Karen Dawson, Joel T. Weadge, Howard Robinson, Dennis E. Ohman, Jeroen D. C. Codée, John S. Klassen, Anthony J. Clarke, P. Lynne Howell

PLOS Pathogens: published August 28, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004334

Primary Seronegative but Molecularly Evident Hepadnaviral Infection Engages Liver and Induces Hepatocarcinoma in the Woodchuck Model of Hepatitis B

Patricia M. Mulrooney-Cousins, Ranjit Chauhan, Norma D. Churchill, Tomasz I. Michalak

PLOS Pathogens: published August 28, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004332

Corrections

Correction: Nsp9 and Nsp10 Contribute to the Fatal Virulence of Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Emerging in China

The PLOS Pathogens Staff

PLOS Pathogens: published August 8, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004344

Correction: The Glycosylated Rv1860 Protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Inhibits Dendritic Cell Mediated TH1 and TH17 Polarization of T Cells and Abrogates Protective Immunity Conferred by BCG

The PLOS Pathogens Staff

PLOS Pathogens: published August 5, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004352

Correction: Lytic Gene Expression Is Frequent in HSV-1 Latent Infection and Correlates with the Engagement of a Cell-Intrinsic Transcriptional Response

The PLOS Pathogens Staff

PLOS Pathogens: published August 8, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004361

Correction: Ubiquitin-Mediated Response to Microsporidia and Virus Infection in C. elegans

The PLOS Pathogens Staff

PLOS Pathogens: published August 15, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004371

Correction: Mitogen and Stress Activated Kinases Act Co-operatively with CREB during the Induction of Human Cytomegalovirus Immediate-Early Gene Expression from Latency

The PLOS Pathogens Staff

PLOS Pathogens: published September 5, 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004392

Cover

Confocal image of an adult male Schistosoma mansoni blood fluke in cross section.

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**Confocal image of an adult male Schistosoma mansoni blood fluke in cross section.**