Skip to main content
Advertisement
Table of Contents

March 2026

The head region spanning the esophagus of an adult male Schistosoma mansoni is labeled with peanut agglutinin (PNA) (yellow), phalloidin (magenta), and DAPI (cyan). Phalloidin labels the esophageal muscle while PNA highlights the surrounding esophageal gland (EG), a specialized secretory organ essential for survival within the host vasculature. In the esophageal lumen, secreted gland material (yellow) is intermingled with damaged host leukocytes (cyan). This study identifies the specific EG factor and its functional domain that drives the direct lysis of ingested host red and white blood cells and interacts with host proteins critical for immune activation/defense. Yadav et al. 2026

Image Credit: Jayhun Lee

Reviews

Host–Candida auris interactions in the skin

Shankar Thangamani, Abishek Balakumar, Abhishek Datta, Garrett Bryak, Michail S. Lionakis

Research Articles

The chromatin remodeling factor Arp9 modulates drug-resistance and plays a key role in aflatoxins biosynthesis under mammalian-physiological-temperature in Aspergillus flavus

Dongmei Ma, Yanfang Yao, Chi Yang, Hong Lin, Minghui Sun, Yuanyuan Gao, Wenwen Xin, Dandan Wu, Kangfu Ye, Wenxin Luo, Zhenhong Zhuang, Shihua Wang

HIV-1 Vpr is targeted for degradation by autophagy

Yuexuan Chen, Susanne Klute, Anju Bansal, Konstantin Maria Johannes Sparrer, Ruth Serra-Moreno

TRIM29 knockout pigs exhibit enhanced broad-spectrum disease resilience by amplifying type I interferon antiviral defenses

Xiaohui Yang, Haiwen Zhong, Jie Cheng, Huijie Jiang, Jiayong Tan, Cuizhen Wang, Changxu Song, Gengyuan Cai, Huaqiang Yang, Zhenfang Wu

Proximity labelling identifies proteins associated with HSV-2 pUL21 at early and late times after infection

Safara M. Holder, Maike Bossert, Renée L. Finnen, Bruce W. Banfield

A modular nanoparticle display strategy for varicella-zoster virus gE based on a licensed protein scaffold

Wenhui Xue, Hong Wang, Yarong Zeng, Sibo Zhang, Lingyan Cui, Hongjing Liu, Hai Li, Minqing Hong, Huizheng Zhang, Yuyun Zhang, Jinjin Li, Zhenqin Chen, Qingbing Zheng, Hai Yu, Rui Zhu, Lizhi Zhou, Ying Gu, Tingting Li, Ningshao Xia, Shaowei Li

Acoziborole resistance associated mutations in Trypanosoma brucei CPSF3

Melanie Ridgway, Markéta Novotná, Cesar Mendoza-Martinez, Michele Tinti, Simone Altmann, Graeme Sloan, David Horn

Type VI secretion system degeneration accelerates intestinal epithelial cell death in Escherichia coli O157:H7

Zhibin Sun, Chao Dong, Pengcheng Zhou, Quanquan Guan, Zhongli Cui, Yankai Xia, Yu-Feng Yao

Fatal human H3N8 influenza virus has a moderate pandemic risk

Valerie Le Sage, Michelle N. Vu, Maria A. Maltepes, Shengyang Wang, Brooke A. Snow, Grace A. Merrbach, Alexandra J. Benton, Kylie E. Zirckel, Sarah E. Petnuch, Carly N. Marble, Lora H. Rigatti, James C. Paulson, Elizabeth M. Drapeau, Anita K. McElroy, Scott E. Hensley, Louise H. Moncla, Seema S. Lakdawala

The CD97-PPM1G axis dampens antiviral immunity by dephosphorylating IRF7 in type I interferon pathway

Huasong Chang, Wenjing Qi, Rukun Yang, Peili Hou, Ran Kang, Xiaoyu Liu, Yingying Li, Hongmei Wang, Hongbin He

Duration of immunity following infection with moderately virulent ASFV

Virginia Friedrichs, Paul Deutschmann, Kerstin Wernike, Tessa Carrau, Martin Beer, Sandra Blome, Alexander Schäfer

Histone demethylase JMJD1A protects mice from enteric bacterial infection by upregulating CCL8 expression to recruit macrophages and CD4+ T cells

Guifang Lin, Lichun Yang, Shuyan Jiang, Yong Zhang, Ping Luo, Weihua Li, Jianming Xu, Gongpeng Xiong, Chundong Yu, Wenbo Chen

Regulatory diversity in Bacillus thuringiensis cry genes reveals flexible evolutionary strategies for in vivo toxin expression

Isabel Gómez, Blanca I. Garcia-Gómez, Nathaly A. do Nascimento, Oscar Infante, Pablo Emiliano Cantón, Sabino Pacheco, Angel E. Peláez-Aguilar, Jorge Sanchez, Mario Soberón, Alejandra Bravo

Structures of nucleotide-bound Redondovirus Rep protein link conformation and function

Saira Montermoso, Kushol Gupta, Ruth Anne Pumroy, Vera Moiseenkova-Bell, Frederic D. Bushman, Gregory D. Van Duyne

Repurposing metformin as a dual-function agent to combat E. coli-induced mastitis: Mechanistic insights into biofilm dispersion and AMPK/SIRT1-mediated NF-κB inhibition

Tianle Xu, Wendi Cao, Shuangyuan Fan, Run Liu, Hao Zhu, Xubin Lu, Zhipeng Zhang, Xiaojiao He, Kai Zhang, Jie Huang, Nana Ma, Guangjun Chang, Zhangping Yang

Decoding the Pine Wood Nematode’s survival mystery: Gene family expansion drives adaptation revealed by dual-omics

Hudie Shao, Jing Chen, Wenxin Hu, Yuxin Zou, Hengliang Liu, Yanjun Zhang, Fengyuan Wei, Quan Li, Kai Guo, Pan Zhang, Jiafu Hu

The UTRs of Leishmania donovani vary in length and are enriched in potential regulatory structures

Franck Dumetz, Kaylee J. Watson, Melissa Perry, Robin E. Bromley, Anushka R. Shome, Julie C. Dunning Hotopp, Iqbal Hamza, David Serre

RND-mediated efflux couples antimicrobial resistance and hypervirulence in contemporary Vibrio cholerae

Yuding Weng, X. Renee Bina, Mia E. Van Allen, James E. Bina

Mutualism in disguise: A mosquito parasite with mixed transmission mode displays mutualistic traits promoting oogenesis

Maxime Girard, Mathieu Laÿs, Edwige Martin, Laurent Vallon, An-nah Chanfi, Mélanie Bretton, Aurélien Vigneron, Séverine Balmand, Patricia Luis, Anne-Emmanuelle Hay, Claire Valiente Moro, Guillaume Minard

Gelatinase regulates the egress of intracellular replicating populations during Enterococcus faecalis infection

Frederick Reinhart Tanoto, Jia Hui Liew, Claudia J. Stocks, Deepti Rawat, Kelvin Kian Long Chong, Kevin Pethe, Haris Antypas, Kimberly A. Kline

Conserved non-coding RNA motifs influence the neuropathogenicity of Simbuviruses: Molecular dissection in the Schmallenberg virus model

Laura Bonil, Laetitia Wiggers, Hélène Dumont, Marco Caporale, Marie-Cécile Nollevaux, Charles Nicaise, Benoît Muylkens, Damien Coupeau

Parallel adaptation and admixture drive the evolution of virulence in the grapevine downy mildew pathogen

Etienne Dvorak, Thomas Dumartinet, Isabelle D. Mazet, Alexandre Chataigner, Manon Paineau, Dario Cantù, Pere Mestre, Marie Foulongne-Oriol, François Delmotte

The adeno-associated virus Rep proteins target PP4:SMEK1 by preventing substrate recruitment

Bram Vandewinkel, Sophie Torrekens, Zander Claes, Mathieu Bollen, Els Henckaerts

PDE4B deficiency aids macrophage differentiation and contributes to Cryptococcus neoformans brain infection

Ying Gong, Ting Wang, Xin Chen, Yuwei Li, Shaofan Ye, Shan Liu, Chunan Sun, Xia Zhang, Chen Yang, Yonglin Yang, Guannan Zhang, Mingshun Zhang

CD28-deficient mice are vulnerable to mouse papillomavirus MmuPV1 infection of the skin and mucosae

Sarah Brendle, Jingwei Li, Song Lu, Todd D. Schell, Michael Kozak, Vonn Walter, Debra Shearer, Joshua Place, Karla Balogh, Jean-Laurent Casanova, Neil Christensen, Adam D. Burgener, Thomas T. Murooka, Yusheng Zhu, Vivien Béziat, Jiafen Hu

A clinical SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitor blocks replication of multiple enteroviruses and confers oral in vivo protection in animal models

Zhengyu Ye, Wenhao Dai, Shaolin Zhang, Yingchun Xiang, Jinlin Wang, Yumin Zhang, Wenyuan Cao, Johan Neyts, Zuyi Li, Fan Feng, Gengfu Xiao, Hong Liu, Junyuan Cao, Lei-ke Zhang

Glutamine alleviates Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis by modulating macrophage polarisation

Chunhui Feng, Miao Liu, Zhaoqi He, Yixiao Liu, Weijie Yuan, Pingan Xie, Caijun Zhao, Xiaoyu Hu, Yunhe Fu, Fanglei Han, Yue Zhang, Luyuan Peng

Schistosome esophageal gland factor MEG-8.2 drives host cell lysis and interacts with host immune proteins

Pallavi Yadav, Sabona B. Simbassa, Ryan Sloan, Phillip A. Newmark, Jayhun Lee

A dynamic Dif/lncRNA-CR42715/miR-965-3p feedback loop orchestrates toll pathway immunity response in Drosophila

Xiaolong Yao, Lin Zhou, Rui Wu, Guorong Yang, Ning Li, Shengjie Li, Fei Ma, Ping Jin

An atypical F-type ATPase is necessary for the function of the antibody cleavage system MIB-MIP in mycoplasmas

Julien Berlureau, Robin Anger, Emilie Beaulieu, Geraldine Gourgues, Laure Bataille, Jade Jaubert, Carole Lartigue, Pascal Sirand-Pugnet, Yonathan Arfi

Determinants of natural killer cell-mediated antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity in SARS-CoV-2 antibodies

Delphine M. Depierreux, Felicitas Ruiz, Michelle Lilly, Jamie Guenthoer, Vrasha Chohan, Julie Overbaugh

Bafilomycin A1 is a promising therapeutic agent against T. spiralis infection by inhibiting the heme-transporting ATP6V0C/HRG-1 complex

Yushu He, Yang Wang, Xiaoying He, Qingbo Lv, Isabelle Vallee, Pascal Boireau, Jing Ding, Xiaolei Liu

Identification of transporters essential for survival of Leishmania promastigotes in the digestive tract of sand flies

Jovana Sádlová, Ulrich Dobramysl, Barbora Bečvářová, Tomáš Bečvář, Çağla Alagöz, Sandro Möri, Richard J. Wheeler, Petr Volf, Eva Gluenz, Andreia Albuquerque-Wendt

IL-6 is one of the key factors in the formation of gut tissue resident memory T cells from Naïve T cells

Han G. Kim, Amanda Chan, Sinmanus Vimopatranon, Alexandre Girard, Andrew Jiang, Samuel Wertz, Il-Young Hwang, John H. Kehrl, Hana Schmeisser, Madelyn M. Seemiller, Paolo Lusso, Dawei Huang, Danlan Wei, Livia R. Goes, Marcelo Soares, Elena Martinelli, James Arthos, Claudia Cicala

LL-37 selectively targets Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes and exhibits antimalarial activity

Xiaoqin He, Yutong Zhang, Junchao Lou, Jingyao Wu, Sui Xu, Guoding Zhu, Jianxia Tang, Yaqun Fang, Jun Cao

The ubiquitin ligase CBL and Fas-associated factor 2 cooperate to regulate the innate immune response to M. tuberculosis

Tina Truong, Abigail Ray, Kelsey Martin, Nicholas A. Bates, Michelle Salemi, Brett S. Phinney, Bennett H. Penn

Experimental hepatitis E virus genotype 1 infection in three types of wild rodents

He Zhang, Yang Wu, Haojie Wang, Tianxu Liu, Xing Liu, Jianxing Chen, Yue Sun, Lihong Xue, Changwen Li, Huairan Liu, Hongyan Chen, Yinglin Qi, Tongqing An, Liang Wang, Zhimin Jin, Changqing Yu, Xinyue Yang, Yuebao Li, Hui Li, Changyou Xia, Xin Yin, Lin Wang

SAMHD1 depletion restricts SARS-CoV-2 infection by suppressing HNF1-dependent ACE2 expression in lung epithelial cells

Pak-Hin Hinson Cheung, Pearl Chan, Hua Yang, Krisztina Ambrus, Shravya Honne, Baek Kim, Stanley Perlman, Li Wu

Anatid herpesvirus 1 UL51 protein is palmitoylated by DHHC9 and DHHC18 for viral replication and virulence

Xiaolan Liu, Ruihao Zhang, Mingshu Wang, Anchun Cheng, Wei Zhang, Qiao Yang, Xumin Ou, Di Sun, Yu He, Bin Tian, Zhen Wu, Shaqiu Zhang, Juan Huang, Ying Wu, Yanling Yu, Ling Zhang, XinXin Zhao, Dekang Zhu, Shun Chen, Renyong Jia, Mafeng Liu

EBV infection outcomes determined by monocyte and TREG-driven immune dynamics in an ex vivo pbmc model

Leena Yoon, Lauren N. MacMullen, Leonardo Josué Castro Muñoz, Alina Gu, Jamie Bregman, Mary S. Campion, Avi Srivastava, Rena R. Xian, Richard F. Ambinder, Andrew Kossenkov, Samantha S. Soldan, Paul M. Lieberman

Retroviral intasome architecture shapes the dynamics of target DNA search and integration

Laura E. Baltierra-Jasso, Ross C. Larue, Nathan D. Jones, Yow Yong Tan, Ryan Messer, Allison Ballandras-Colas, Alan N. Engelman, Richard Fishel, Kristine E. Yoder

CLDN3 inhibits rotavirus attachment by targeting residue 74 of VP7

Yudi Pan, Jiapei Huang, Longjun Guo, Zixin Li, Hongyan Shi, Yanxiang Zhou, Jianshuang Cui, Hailiang Ge, Li Feng, Jin Tian

Signal peptidase complex mediates rotavirus VP7 processing and virion assembly

Xuejiao Zhu, Enkai Li, Liliana Sanchez-Tacuba, Wandy Beatty, Bin Li, Siyuan Ding

Transthyretin is a novel innate immune effector against Gram negative bacteria

Tania Bernabé, María Verd, Guillem Ramis, Alex González-Alsina, Mohammad Qadi, Margalida Mateu-Borrás, Antonio Doménech-Sánchez, Sebastián Albertí

Drosophila host defense mechanisms against filamentous fungal pathogens with diverse lifestyles

Guiqing Liu, Yao Tian, Mark Austin Hanson, Prince Kumar Sah, Jun Li, Bruno Lemaitre

AI-guided prefusion stabilization of the human coronavirus OC43 spike protein enables universal embecovirus antigen design

Jelle M. Melchers, Jarek Juraszek, Ruben J.G. Hulswit, Daan van Overveld, Lam Le, Frank J.M. van Kuppeveld, Daniel L. Hurdiss, Berend-Jan Bosch, Johannes P.M. Langedijk, Mark J.G. Bakkers

Microsporidian Encephalitozoon hellem inhibits host mitophagy by inducing ERAD to degrade BNIP3L

Ziyun Zou, Yibo Hu, Zhongxia Guan, Jiajing Chen, Qingyao Zhang, Yinze Han, Junyu Zhu, Chunxia Wang, Bing Han, Tian Li, Zeyang Zhou

Canonical WNT signalling governs Echinococcus metacestode development

Ruth Herrmann, Michaela Herz, Kilian Rudolf, Akito Koike, Markus Spiliotis, Monika Bergmann, Nancy Holroyd, Uriel Koziol, Matt Berriman, Klaus Brehm

Host response to bacteria induces a shift towards the enteroendocrine cell lineage in the murine enteroid model

Marry Nissan, Adrienne Ranger, Justin J. Meade, Victoria Gillmore, Maija E. Lehn, Liliane Cabral-Fernandes, Derek K. L. Tsang, Scott D. Gray-Owen, Dana J. Philpott, Stephen E. Girardin

APOBEC3B regulates HPV replication by inducing R-loop formation and DNA damage

Conor W. Templeton, Jasmine S. Gulik, Laimonis A. Laimins

Critical role of P-Glycoprotein-9 in ivermectin tolerance in nematodes

Clara Blancfuney, Eva Guchen, Marie Garcia, Julien Faccini, Jean-François Sutra, Felipe Ramon-Portugal, Elise Courtot, Marlène Z. Lacroix, Roger Prichard, Anne Lespine, Mélanie Alberich

Implications for methenamine hippurate use in recurrent urinary tract infection management: Formaldehyde resistance and altered urinary composition

Niamh C. Hodgkinson, Tabarak Al-Rubaye, Thomas C. P. Reed, Catherine Mowbray, Daniel Sarkissian, Louise Cowley, Frank Sargent, Judith Hall, Priyanka Krishnaswamy, Chris Harding, Phillip D. Aldridge

Fis suppresses late-stage virulence gene expression in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis at environmental temperatures

Soheila Javadi, Stephan Pienkoß, Dominik Meggers, Andrea Wimbert, Vivian B. Brandenburg, Pascal Dietze, Sina Schäkermann, Lilo Greune, Petra Dersch, Franz Narberhaus

The impact of viral and host factors on the influenza A virus transmission bottleneck

Kathryn C. Krupinsky, Emily E. Bendall, Yuwei Zhu, Melissa S. Stockwell, Huong Q. Nguyen, Jennifer K. Meece, Yvonne Maldonado, Katherine D. Ellingson, Karen Lutrick, Edwin J. Asturias, Suchitra Rao, Natalie M. Bowman, Melissa Rolfes, Jessica E. Biddle, Alexandra Mellis, Jonathan E. Schmitz, James D. Chappell, Natasha B. Halasa, William J. Fitzsimmons, Emily T. Martin, Carlos G. Grijalva, H. Keipp Talbot, Adam S. Lauring

Genetic origins and proteomic consequences of kinetoplast loss in trypanosomes

Melanie Ridgway, Douglas O. Escrivani, Markéta Novotná, Amy Wood, Michele Tinti, Achim Schnaufer, David Horn

Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by IgM-14 via engagement of two distinct spike epitopes

Yan Wang, Yanping Hu, Zhiqiang Ku, Jason Yeung, Jing Zou, Michael Woodson, Nikolai S. Prokhorov, Ekaterina S. Knyazhanskaya, Haiqing Zhao, Michael B. Sherman, Zhiqiang An, Stephen F. Carroll, Pei-Yong Shi, Petr G. Leiman, Xuping Xie

Herpesvirus-encoded lncRNA targets host splicing by interacting with splicing factors

Yuan Hong, Ritu Shekhar, Sarah McMahon, Netanya Keil, Melody Baddoo, J. Monty Watkins, Hasmik Keshishian, Caroline Stanclift, Steven A. Carr, Mathias Munschauer, James M. Burke, Erik K. Flemington, Rolf Renne

Discovery and cryoEM structure of FPM13, a periplasmic metalloprotein unique to Francisella

Daniel L. Clemens, Bai-Yu Lee, Xiaoyu Liu, Z. Hong Zhou, Marcus A. Horwitz

Shiga toxin increases intestinal transit to displace resident microbes and facilitate pathogen colonization

Max A. Odem, Sabona B. Simbassa, Cecilia Fadhel Alvarez, Oliyad Jeilu, Shelby R. Simar, Rachel Bosserman, Soumita Dutta, Walter Galdamez, Hossaena Ayele, Blake M. Hanson, Diana M. Proctor, Anne Marie Krachler

Experimental inoculation of pigs with porcine parainfluenza virus 1 revealed pathological manifestations in the upper respiratory tract

Marianne Viuf Agerlin, Kasper Pedersen, Mathias Romar, Marta Canuti, Timm Harder, Nicole Bakkegård Goecke, Henrik Elvang Jensen, Lars Erik Larsen, Pia Ryt-Hansen, Charlotte Kristensen

New Histone H4 variant and H2B variant Exhibits distinct genomic distributions, chromatin affinities, and dynamics throughout life and cell cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi

Juliana Nunes Roson, Mariana Loterio-Silva, Herbert Guimaraes de Sousaes Silva, Thaina Rodrigues de Almeida, Nadjania Saraiva de Lira Silva, Camila Gachet-Castro, Héllida Marina Costa-Silva, Vincent Louis Viala, Sergio Schenkman, M. Carolina Elias, Julia P.C. da Cunha

Mapping the mutational landscape of an avian retrovirus envelope protein across its evolutionary trajectory

Moru Xu, Yupeng Liu, Xin Lan, Zhenyu Wang, Kun Qian, Hongxia Shao, Jinlin Huang, Jianqiang Ye, Aijian Qin

Corrections

Correction: Extracellular vesicles from diverse fungal pathogens induce species-specific and endocytosis-dependent immunomodulation

Geneva N. Kwaku, Kirstine Nolling Jensen, Patricia Simaku, Daniel J. Floyd, Joseph W. Saelens, Christopher M. Reardon, Rebecca A. Ward, Kyle J. Basham, Olivia W. Hepworth, Tammy D. Vyas, Daniel Zamith-Miranda, Joshua D. Nosanchuk, Jatin M. Vyas, Hannah Brown Harding

Related Articles

Correction: Inactivation of branched-chain amino acid uptake halts Staphylococcus aureus growth and induces bacterial quiescence within macrophages

Adriana Moldovan, Ronald S. Flannagan, Marcel Rühling, Kathrin Stelzner, Clara Hans, Kerstin Paprotka, Tobias C. Kunz, David E. Heinrichs, Thomas Rudel, Martin J. Fraunholz

Related Articles

Correction: Disruption of sulfur transferase complex increases bacterial intramacrophage persistence

Huang Tang, Zuoqiang Wang, Congcong Li, Jingchen Yu, Wanqiu Huang, Tao Zhou, Chuanzhen Zhang, Bingjie Wen, Chengyue Wang, Xiaocen Zhu, Danni Wang, Jing Tao, Jie Lu, Jinjing Ni, Yu-Feng Yao

Related Articles

Correction: Coronavirus endoribonuclease nsp15 suppresses host protein synthesis and evades PKR-eIF2α-mediated translation shutoff to ensure viral protein synthesis

Xiaoqian Gong, Shanhuan Feng, Jiehuang Wang, Bo Gao, Wenxiang Xue, Hongyan Chu, Shouguo Fang, Yanmei Yuan, Yuqiang Cheng, Min Liao, Yingjie Sun, Lei Tan, Cuiping Song, Xusheng Qiu, Chan Ding, Edwin Tijhaar, Maria Forlenza, Ying Liao

Related Articles

Formal Comments

Response to comment on: Is “pre-sepsis” the new sepsis? A narrative review

Rémy Gerard, Antoine Dewitte, Fridolin Gross, Thomas Pradeu, Maël Lemoine, Julien Goret, Maria Mamani-Matsuda

Related Articles

Short Reports

Panzootic H5 influenza viruses acquired resistance to human head interface antibodies

Aaron L. Graber, Holly C. Simmons, Kevin R. McCarthy