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Table of Contents

September 2009

Cover

Sudden oak death mortality of tanoak in Marin County, California.
Issue Image

Sudden oak death, caused by the fungus-like pathogen Phytophthora ramorum, has caused devastating levels of mortality of live oak and tanoak trees in coastal California. It also infects popular ornamental plants, and the shipment of diseased plants from West Coast wholesale nurseries has risked introduction to other vulnerable forests. Goss et al. examined the genetic diversity of this pathogen in US nurseries and found that there are two predominant eastward migration pathways originating from the West, in either California or the Pacific Northwest. This work has implications for management of sudden oak death (see Goss et al., doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000583).

Image Credit: USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection

Opinions

Axon–Myelin Interactions during a Viral Infection of the Central Nervous System

Michel Brahic, Jean-Pierre Roussarie

PLOS Pathogens: published September 25, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000519

The Cat and Mouse of HIV-1 Antibody Escape

John R. Mascola

PLOS Pathogens: published September 18, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000592

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Pearls

Five Questions about Microsporidia

Patrick Keeling

PLOS Pathogens: published September 25, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000489

Research Articles

Bacillus anthracis Lethal Toxin Disrupts TCR Signaling in CD1d-Restricted NKT Cells Leading to Functional Anergy

Sunil K. Joshi, Gillian A. Lang, Jason L. Larabee, T. Scott Devera, Lindsay M. Aye, Hemangi B. Shah, Jimmy D. Ballard, Mark L. Lang

PLOS Pathogens: published September 25, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000588

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TbPIF5 Is a Trypanosoma brucei Mitochondrial DNA Helicase Involved in Processing of Minicircle Okazaki Fragments

Beiyu Liu, Jianyang Wang, Gokben Yildirir, Paul T. Englund

PLOS Pathogens: published September 25, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000589

Molecular Phylodynamics of the Heterosexual HIV Epidemic in the United Kingdom

Gareth J. Hughes, Esther Fearnhill, David Dunn, Samantha J. Lycett, Andrew Rambaut, Andrew J. Leigh Brown, on behalf of the UK HIV Drug Resistance Collaboration

PLOS Pathogens: published September 25, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000590

Ion-Abrasion Scanning Electron Microscopy Reveals Surface-Connected Tubular Conduits in HIV-Infected Macrophages

Adam E. Bennett, Kedar Narayan, Dan Shi, Lisa M. Hartnell, Karine Gousset, Haifeng He, Bradley C. Lowekamp, Terry S. Yoo, Donald Bliss, Eric O. Freed, Sriram Subramaniam

PLOS Pathogens: published September 25, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000591

Enterovirus 71 3C Protease Cleaves a Novel Target CstF-64 and Inhibits Cellular Polyadenylation

Kuo-Feng Weng, Mei-Ling Li, Chuan-Tien Hung, Shin-Ru Shih

PLOS Pathogens: published September 25, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000593

Selective Inhibition of Type III Secretion Activated Signaling by the Salmonella Effector AvrA

Fangyong Du, Jorge E. Galán

PLOS Pathogens: published September 25, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000595

Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 1 Capsular Polysaccharide Induces CD8+CD28− Regulatory T Lymphocytes by TCR Crosslinking

Janina Mertens, Mario Fabri, Alessandra Zingarelli, Torsten Kubacki, Sonja Meemboor, Laura Groneck, Jens Seeger, Martina Bessler, Helena Hafke, Margarete Odenthal, Joan G. Bieler, Christoph Kalka, Jonathan P. Schneck, Hamid Kashkar, Wiltrud M. Kalka-Moll

PLOS Pathogens: published September 25, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000596

Intraspecific Epitopic Variation in a Carbohydrate Antigen Exposed on the Surface of Trichostrongylus colubriformis Infective L3 Larvae

David R. Maass, Gavin B. Harrison, Warwick N. Grant, Wayne R. Hein, Charles B. Shoemaker

PLOS Pathogens: published September 25, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000597

A Cyclic GMP Signalling Module That Regulates Gliding Motility in a Malaria Parasite

Robert W. Moon, Cathy J. Taylor, Claudia Bex, Rebecca Schepers, David Goulding, Chris J. Janse, Andrew P. Waters, David A. Baker, Oliver Billker

PLOS Pathogens: published September 25, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000599

SnTox3 Acts in Effector Triggered Susceptibility to Induce Disease on Wheat Carrying the Snn3 Gene

Zhaohui Liu, Justin D. Faris, Richard P. Oliver, Kar-Chun Tan, Peter S. Solomon, Megan C. McDonald, Bruce A. McDonald, Alberto Nunez, Shunwen Lu, Jack B. Rasmussen, Timothy L. Friesen

PLOS Pathogens: published September 18, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000581

A Novel System for the Launch of Alphavirus RNA Synthesis Reveals a Role for the Imd Pathway in Arthropod Antiviral Response

Vasanthi Avadhanula, Brandon P. Weasner, Gail G. Hardy, Justin P. Kumar, Richard W. Hardy

PLOS Pathogens: published September 18, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000582

Population Genetic Analysis Infers Migration Pathways of Phytophthora ramorum in US Nurseries

Erica M. Goss, Meg Larsen, Gary A. Chastagner, Donald R. Givens, Niklaus J. Grünwald

PLOS Pathogens: published September 18, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000583

Getting to Grips with Strangles: An Effective Multi-Component Recombinant Vaccine for the Protection of Horses from Streptococcus equi Infection

Bengt Guss, Margareta Flock, Lars Frykberg, Andrew S. Waller, Carl Robinson, Ken C. Smith, Jan-Ingmar Flock

PLOS Pathogens: published September 18, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000584

Early Steps of HIV-1 Fusion Define the Sensitivity to Inhibitory Peptides That Block 6-Helix Bundle Formation

Kosuke Miyauchi, Michael M. Kozlov, Gregory B. Melikyan

PLOS Pathogens: published September 18, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000585

Mucosal Immunization with Iron Receptor Antigens Protects against Urinary Tract Infection

Christopher J. Alteri, Erin C. Hagan, Kelsey E. Sivick, Sara N. Smith, Harry L. T. Mobley

PLOS Pathogens: published September 18, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000586

Differential Regulation of Type I Interferon and Epidermal Growth Factor Pathways by a Human Respirovirus Virulence Factor

Grégory Caignard, Anastassia V. Komarova, Mehdi Bouraï, Thomas Mourez, Yves Jacob, Louis M. Jones, Flore Rozenberg, Astrid Vabret, François Freymuth, Frédéric Tangy, Pierre-Olivier Vidalain

PLOS Pathogens: published September 18, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000587

Escape from Autologous Neutralizing Antibodies in Acute/Early Subtype C HIV-1 Infection Requires Multiple Pathways

Rong Rong, Bing Li, Rebecca M. Lynch, Richard E. Haaland, Megan K. Murphy, Joseph Mulenga, Susan A. Allen, Abraham Pinter, George M. Shaw, Eric Hunter, James E. Robinson, S. Gnanakaran, Cynthia A. Derdeyn

PLOS Pathogens: published September 18, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000594

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Limited Neutralizing Antibody Specificities Drive Neutralization Escape in Early HIV-1 Subtype C Infection

Penny L. Moore, Nthabeleng Ranchobe, Bronwen E. Lambson, Elin S. Gray, Eleanor Cave, Melissa-Rose Abrahams, Gama Bandawe, Koleka Mlisana, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Carolyn Williamson, Lynn Morris, the CAPRISA 002 study and the NIAID Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology (CHAVI)

PLOS Pathogens: published September 18, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000598

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The Aurora Kinase in Trypanosoma brucei Plays Distinctive Roles in Metaphase-Anaphase Transition and Cytokinetic Initiation

Ziyin Li, Takashi Umeyama, C. C. Wang

PLOS Pathogens: published September 11, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000575

Fine Pathogen Discrimination within the APL1 Gene Family Protects Anopheles gambiae against Human and Rodent Malaria Species

Christian Mitri, Jean-Claude Jacques, Isabelle Thiery, Michelle M. Riehle, Jiannong Xu, Emmanuel Bischoff, Isabelle Morlais, Sandrine E. Nsango, Kenneth D. Vernick, Catherine Bourgouin

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Autophagy Gene Variant IRGM −261T Contributes to Protection from Tuberculosis Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis but Not by M. africanum Strains

Christopher D. Intemann, Thorsten Thye, Stefan Niemann, Edmund N. L. Browne, Margaret Amanua Chinbuah, Anthony Enimil, John Gyapong, Ivy Osei, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Susanne Helm, Sabine Rüsch-Gerdes, Rolf D. Horstmann, Christian G. Meyer

PLOS Pathogens: published September 11, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000577

Quantitation of Human Seroresponsiveness to Merkel Cell Polyomavirus

Diana V. Pastrana, Yanis L. Tolstov, Jürgen C. Becker, Patrick S. Moore, Yuan Chang, Christopher B. Buck

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The Chlamydia Type III Secretion System C-ring Engages a Chaperone-Effector Protein Complex

Kris E. Spaeth, Yi-Shan Chen, Raphael H. Valdivia

PLOS Pathogens: published September 11, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000579

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Genomic Diversity and Evolution of Mycobacterium ulcerans Revealed by Next-Generation Sequencing

Weihong Qi, Michael Käser, Katharina Röltgen, Dorothy Yeboah-Manu, Gerd Pluschke

PLOS Pathogens: published September 11, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000580

O-Antigen Delays Lipopolysaccharide Recognition and Impairs Antibacterial Host Defense in Murine Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Claudia U. Duerr, Sebastian F. Zenk, Cécilia Chassin, Johanna Pott, Dominique Gütle, Michael Hensel, Mathias W. Hornef

PLOS Pathogens: published September 4, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000567

Suppression of Cell-Mediated Immunity following Recognition of Phagosome-Confined Bacteria

Keith S. Bahjat, Nicole Meyer-Morse, Edward E. Lemmens, Jessica A. Shugart, Thomas W. Dubensky Jr., Dirk G. Brockstedt, Daniel A. Portnoy

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Plasmodium falciparum Heterochromatin Protein 1 Marks Genomic Loci Linked to Phenotypic Variation of Exported Virulence Factors

Christian Flueck, Richard Bartfai, Jennifer Volz, Igor Niederwieser, Adriana M. Salcedo-Amaya, Blaise T. F. Alako, Florian Ehlgen, Stuart A. Ralph, Alan F. Cowman, Zbynek Bozdech, Hendrik G. Stunnenberg, Till S. Voss

PLOS Pathogens: published September 4, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000569

Evolutionarily Conserved Herpesviral Protein Interaction Networks

Even Fossum, Caroline C. Friedel, Seesandra V. Rajagopala, Björn Titz, Armin Baiker, Tina Schmidt, Theo Kraus, Thorsten Stellberger, Christiane Rutenberg, Silpa Suthram, Sourav Bandyopadhyay, Dietlind Rose, Albrecht von Brunn, Mareike Uhlmann, Christine Zeretzke, Yu-An Dong, Hélène Boulet, Manfred Koegl, Susanne M. Bailer, Ulrich Koszinowski, Trey Ideker, Peter Uetz, Ralf Zimmer, Jürgen Haas

PLOS Pathogens: published September 4, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000570

Bidirectional Introgressive Hybridization between a Cattle and Human Schistosome Species

Tine Huyse, Bonnie L. Webster, Sarah Geldof, J. Russell. Stothard, Oumar T. Diaw, Katja Polman, David Rollinson

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A Novel Extracytoplasmic Function (ECF) Sigma Factor Regulates Virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

María A. Llamas, Astrid van der Sar, Byron C. H. Chu, Marion Sparrius, Hans J. Vogel, Wilbert Bitter

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CD8+ T Cells Restrict Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infection: Bypass of Anti-Phagocytosis by Targeting Antigen-Presenting Cells

Molly A. Bergman, Wendy P. Loomis, Joan Mecsas, Michael N. Starnbach, Ralph R. Isberg

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HIV-1 Vpu Neutralizes the Antiviral Factor Tetherin/BST-2 by Binding It and Directing Its Beta-TrCP2-Dependent Degradation

Bastien Mangeat, Gustavo Gers-Huber, Martin Lehmann, Madeleine Zufferey, Jeremy Luban, Vincent Piguet

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