Fig 1.
Convergent strategies and mechanisms of epithelial cell structure manipulation by intestinal pathogens.
A) Overview of mechanisms included within this review. B) Overview of microvilli elongation mechanisms of the Cryptosporidium parasite (left), Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (center), and SARS-CoV-2 (right).
Fig 2.
Microvilli elongation in the intestine by the eukaryotic pathogen Cryptosporidium and prokaryotic pathogen Escherichia coli.
Left panel—scanning electron microscopy of murine small intestine infected with Cryptosporidium parvum (scale bar 2 μm) (image courtesy of David Ferguson, Oxford University, copyright retained). Right panel—scanning electron microscopy of Enteropathogenic E. coli (O127:H6) in the murine small intestine (scale bar 0.5 and 0.2 μm (inset)) (reprinted with permission from the publisher [116]). Black arrows highlight areas with pronounced microvilli elongation.